Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science

Antibiotic Profile for Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection in Babylon Province

Zainab Hafedh — 2025-06-27

The purpose of this work was to ascertain the antibiotic profile of bacteria extracted from patient urinary tract infections (UTIs) from community urine samples. Commonly including bacterial and, occasionally, fungal or viral infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are healthcare concerns. Antibiotic resistance has grown out of the illogical prescribing and usage of antibiotics in UTI therapy. From male and female patients in several hospitals in Babylon province, Iraq, urine samples (152) were gathered with an age range of 1 to 80 years. In 67% of the samples—99/152—the research noted increase. Of the samples, 78% showed gram-negative bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria were recorded in 22%. Among women, the UTI prevalence was 73%; among men, it was 27%. The most prevalent uropathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli ( 46%, 46/99), followed by, Staphylococcus aureus ( 25%, 25/99), Enterobacter cloacae ( 9, 9/99), Proteus mirabilis ( 6%, 6/99), Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%, 6/99) , Streptococcus (3%, 3/99) , Acinetobacter ( 2%, 2/99) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 1%, 1/99) , and serratia marcescence (1%, 1/99). Pseudomonas aeruginosa , serratia marcescence, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter as being sensitive to imipenem (100%) and Escherichia coli (93%), sensitive to cefepime(100%) serratia marcescence and Acinetobacter, sensitive to meropenem (100%) serratia marcescence and Streptococcus, sensitive to Amikacin (100%) Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sensitive to gentamicin(100%) serratia marcescence, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. sensitive to ciprofloxacin(100%) Streptococcus. sensitive to cefotaxime(100%) serratia marcescence . sensitive to levofloxacin(100%) serratia marcescence . and resistant to ceftazidime (100%) serratia marcescence , Acinetobacter , Streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to cefepime (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to meropenem (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to Amikacin(100%) serratia marcescence and Streptococcus. resistant to gentamicin(100%) Streptococcus. resistant to ciprofloxacin (100%) serratia marcescence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. resistant to Ampicillin/sulbactam (100%) serratia marcescence, Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . resistant to cefotaxime(100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and resistant to levofloxacin (100%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Analysis of The Virus and its Implications for Public Health

Dhafer Faeq Ibrahim — 2025-06-28

Monkeypox (MPX) is a contagious disease caused by a virus related to smallpox. First discovered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970, it has historically affected parts of West and Central Africa. However, the World Health Organization declared a global health emergency in July 2022 due to its unprecedented spread to Europe, North America, and Oceania, which has raised international concern. The disease poses a significant public health issue, partly because over 70% of the global population is no longer vaccinated against smallpox, which also provides some protection against monkeypox. Despite advancements in treatments and diagnostics, monkeypox continues to cause severe health and economic impacts, with over 85,000 cases reported by January 2023. Vaccines are currently used against monkeypox: two are smallpox vaccines repurposed for monkeypox, and the third is designed for biological threats. The first vaccine is a non-replicating smallpox vaccine suitable for people with weakened immune systems. The second, ACAM2000, is a second-generation smallpox vaccine recommended for monkeypox prevention but not for people with certain health conditions or during pregnancy. The third, LC16M8, is a modified smallpox vaccine aimed at reducing side effects while generating broad immune responses. The effectiveness of these vaccines against the current outbreak remains uncertain. There is a need for new, safer vaccines, with some experts suggesting that vaccines targeting specific immune responses might be more effective. This review seeks to provide updated information on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of monkeypox.

Distribution of the SSCmec Types among Staphylococcus Aureus that Methicillin Resistant (MRSA) Isolates in Iraq

Dania Ali Azeiz Al-Saadi — 2025-06-29

One of the primary causes of nosocomial infections is "Staphylococcus aureus", particularly "methicillin-resistant" strains. This drug resistance has become an international public health concern. Due to the lack of studies, especially on the presence of genotypes in MRSA species in the Diwaniyah city in Iraq. The objective of the present investigation was to determine extent of the distribution and diversity of these patterns s.aureus bacteria that had been eliminated from various medical and environmental resources within specific hospitals and health centers in the governorate, using phenotypic and molecular methods. Total of 565 samples were collected for this purpose, including 330 clinical samples (Urine 200 samples, Sputum 70 samples, and Burns 60 samples), 235 environmental samples for the period from September to November 2020. Based on the results of culture results , traditional biochemical and microscopic examinations, the virulence of 80 S. aureus isolates was determined, while methicillin-resistant MRSA isolates were phenotypically diagnosed using the disc diffusion method of cefoxetine and molecularly based on the methicillin resistance gene (mecA) and monoplex PCR technique , 72 (90%) isolates have been identified as MRSA, and by comparing the molecular and phenotypic methods, it was found that the cefoxitin disc diffusion test is highly accurate and effective in detecting MRSA strains. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette methicillin-resistance (SCCmec) for four main types (I, II, III, and V) and four subtypes (IVa, IVb, IVc, and IVd) was also carried out using (Multiplex PCR). The results showed that 7 isolates (9.72%) contain the SCCmec V subtype, 7 (9.72%) contain the SCCmec IVa subtype, 6 (8.33%) contain the SCCmec IVb subtype, and 5 isolates (6.94%) contained the subtype SCCmec IVc, while 48 isolates were not identified.

Causes and Prevalence Factors Causing Subfertility among 20-45 Years Old Women in Thi-Qar Governorate-Iraq

Izdihar Nsaif Ali — 2025-06-29

Delayed conception is one of the most common causes of medical concern. It's a global health issue that concerns thousands of people in childbearing age across the globe. Despite infertility's lack of life-threatening properties, its negative effects on the patient, his family and society are not underestimated. Subfertility can be caused by male, female or both sexes, and it may represent unexplained infertility. Unexplained infertility is the result of a thorough investigation of the partners, but no cause of infertility can be determined. To figure out the typical frequency of primary, secondary or unexplained subfertility in women of this age bracket (20-45 years), the most common causes of subfertility in women of this demographic are discussed. This investigation was intended as a crosssectional study that attempted to determine the commonality and causes of infertility in women between the ages of 20-45. One hundred and fifty women from impoverished marriages participated in the study. Data was collected from all patients who visited the gynecology practice between the end of August of 2023 and the end of November of 2024. We developed a questionnaire that inquired about the sociological, demographic, and medical attributes of infertile couples, the duration of their infertility, the type of surgery they underwent, and the medical history of their spouse and themselves. The percentage of couples with primary subfertility was less than that with secondary subfertility (65; 85). The average age of women with secondary infertility and their male partners was significantly greater than that of women with primary infertility and their male partners. About the distribution of causes of infertility among the participants, women were the majority (44.0%) of the participants, followed by a combination of men and women (28.7%). Male factors alone had a participation of 14.0% of the cases, while 13.3% had an unexplained subfertility. The causes of female subfertility in this age bracket (20-45 years) are as follows: 27% of the cases had no specific cause, the most common cause was polycystic ovary syndrome (38%), followed by disorders of ovulation (25%). Male partners of infertile partners: 57% of the incidents had typical sperm characteristics. Asthenozoospermia was the second most commonly visited condition (29%). Recent research has demonstrated that the percentage of couples with primary subfertility is less than the percentage with secondary subfertility. The most common cause of female subfertility is polycystic ovary syndrome, while the most common cause of male subfertility is decreasing the motility of sperm cell.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: A Comprehensive Review of Models, Predictors, and Limitations: A Review

Khalid N. M Al-Khero — 2025-06-29

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction has revolutionized preventive cardiology by improving diagnostic precision, early intervention, and health equity. The use of various datasets, including genomic, wearable, imaging, and electronic health records, is highlighted in this paper, which summarizes recent advancements in AI-based risk prediction models for CVD. The construction, creation, and validation of AI models are covered, with a focus on new predictors and how they affect model performance. The paper also examines the differences brought about by algorithmic bias, showing how underrepresentation of particular demographic groups can worsen health inequities and reduce predictive reliability. It is recognized that AI can perform better than conventional statistical models in some situations, especially when it comes to identifying at-risk persons and directing healthcare decisions. Nonetheless, there are still issues with the model's fairness, openness, and generalizability. In conclusion, even though AI has the potential to improve cardiovascular risk assessment and individualized treatment, thorough model evaluation and bias reduction techniques are essential to guaranteeing fair, dependable, and successful clinical application.

Biomedical Signal Acquisition of Heart Rate and SpO2 Using Arduino-Based Platform

Fatima Mahdi sahib Kazem — 2025-06-30

This project presents the development of a portable system for real-time monitoring of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO₂) using Arduino technology. The device utilizes a pulse sensor and integrates a MAX30100 optical sensor to collect biometric data in a non-invasive manner. Traditional methods of monitoring vital signs—such as checking the pulse manually or using standard hospital equipment—are often limited by accessibility, cost, or complexity. In contrast, this Arduino-based system provides a low-cost and user-friendly alternative that can be used in various environments including homes, schools, and clinics. The system measures heartbeat and SpO₂ levels using photoplethysmography (PPG) and displays the results on an LCD screen. This study explores the design, hardware implementation, and operational testing of the system, demonstrating its potential as an effective solution for continuous vital sign monitoring.

Functions of Some Sirtuins and Their effect on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Patients

Rasha Jaber Shamkhi — 2025-06-29

This paper intended to estimate the interrelationship among the SIRT1 gene expression and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a sample of individuals from Wasit City, Iraq in collaboration with AL-Karama Teaching Hospital. A total of 60 participants (40 diabetic patients and 20 healthy controls), aged between 40 and 70 years, were enrolled. Blood samples were analyzed using RT-PCR to assess gene expression and ELISA to measure protein concentration in serum .SIRT1 gene expression was significantly upregulated in diabetic patients, as indicated by a lower ΔCt value, with strong statistical significance (P = 0.001). No significant difference in SIRT1 protein levels in the serum among the diabetic and controlling groups (P = 0.85). No significant gender-based differences were noticed in SIRT1 protein concentrations . The findings suggest a notable increase in SIRT1 gene expression in individuals with T2DM, potentially indicating a regulatory role of this gene in the disease. However, the lack of corresponding changes in protein levels warrants further studies to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Accuracy of Bi-Parametric MRI Versus Histological Outcome of Needle Biopsy

Dr. Ibrahim Mudhafar Saadoon — 2025-06-30

Aim: To assess the association between DW MRI images of the prostate and the pathological features of the Tru-Cut (core) biopsy of the prostate's lesions. Methods: A total of 55 patients were involved in this investigation. The patients had a mean age of 62.5 years, with PSA levels that were greater than 4 ng/ml, and both DRE and transabdominal pelvic ultrasound exhibited increased prostate size, DRE demonstrated a suspicious, palpable mass, and ultrasound exhibited a hyperactive, enlarged prostate. All patients had a DW MRI of the prostate followed by 12 needle biopsies that were conducted under transrectal ultrasound guidance. Only biopsy samples that were visible on MRI (87 cases) were considered for this study, these cases were divided into prostate cancer, BPH, NSI, and CIG. Multiple lesions from the same patient were also studied. Results: There was a significant difference in the apparent diffusion coefficient of DW-MRI (ADC) between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions in the prostate (BPH, NSI, CIG) (P < 0.001).Conclusion: DW-MRI is a reliable tool to determine the presence of cancerous lesions of prostate before commencing with prostate biopsies.