Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science

Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of The Course of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

U.R. Fayziyeva — 2025-04-07

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be a major health challenge and a leading cause of child mortality globally, particularly in ecologically unfavorable regions. In Uzbekistan, environmental, socio-cultural, and infrastructural disparities exacerbate CAP prevalence among children, while viral-bacterial shifts post-COVID-19 complicate its clinical course. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, limited regional studies have explored cytokine profiles in young children with CAP, particularly in the Uzbek population of the Surkhandarya region, where genotyping and immune response data remain insufficient. This study aims to characterize the clinical features of CAP in children and investigate serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, and interferons (α, β, γ), identifying their diagnostic and prognostic value.The study of 50 children revealed a predominance of acute clinical symptoms such as hyperthermia, dyspnea, and severe intoxication, accompanied by distinct cytokine imbalances, notably elevated IL-1β and IL-4 levels and significant shifts in interferon profiles, indicating a strong inflammatory response. This is the first immunogenetic investigation of pediatric CAP in the Surkhandarya region, highlighting the relationship between cytokine levels and disease severity, and offering a molecular perspective on the pathogenesis of CAP. Findings suggest cytokine profiling can inform early diagnostics, prognostics, and individualized immunomodulatory therapies, supporting improved clinical outcomes and rational antibiotic use in pediatric CAP.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is A Clinical Course of The Disease in The Identified Pregnancy

Qurbonova Gulnoza Abdirayimovna — 2025-04-09

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a significant global public health challenge, with growing prevalence among pregnant women, leading to increased concerns in obstetrics and infectious disease fields. In Uzbekistan, the incidence of tuberculosis in children has increased by 2.4 times over the past two decades, while pregnancy complicates the clinical management due to immunological changes and fetal vulnerability. Despite the known risks, limited data exist on the clinical presentation and outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis during pregnancy in regional contexts. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of pulmonary tuberculosis in pregnant women and assess associated complications. A retrospective analysis of 9 pregnant women revealed that 66.6% had unilateral lung involvement, 33.3% had infiltrative forms, and 88.8% had detectable Koch’s bacilli. Anemia was present in all patients, with 23% experiencing severe anemia. Cesarean section was required in four cases, and one pregnancy was terminated due to uterine bleeding. The study provides region-specific clinical insights into the manifestation of tuberculosis during pregnancy and its management under the DOTS program. Early detection, careful radiological evaluation, and timely obstetric intervention, including cesarean delivery, can significantly improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches in managing tuberculosis in pregnancy, particularly in high-burden regions.

Comparison and Survey Study of Toxoplasmosis Between Karbala and Babylon Governorates

Sawsan Darweesh jari — 2025-04-09

Language proficiency is a fundamental component of effective communication, particularly in educational and professional settings. In the context of Arabic grammar, understanding syntactic structures is essential for linguistic accuracy and fluency. The study of grammatical structures, particularly those related to verbs, remains a critical area of research in Arabic linguistics. Certain verb forms present unique challenges in interpretation and application, influencing both written and spoken discourse. While previous studies have explored various grammatical structures in Arabic, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis regarding the classification and syntactic functions of specific verb forms, leading to inconsistencies in linguistic interpretation. This study aims to analyze the syntactic structures of selected Arabic verb forms, identifying their grammatical roles and classification to enhance linguistic clarity and educational methodologies. The findings reveal key distinctions in verb classifications and their syntactic functions, highlighting patterns that contribute to a more precise understanding of Arabic grammar. These results provide valuable insights into the structural intricacies of the language. Unlike conventional studies that focus on broad grammatical categories, this research offers a detailed examination of specific verb structures, shedding light on their unique syntactic behaviors and functional variations. The study contributes to Arabic linguistic scholarship by refining grammatical classification systems, facilitating improved language instruction, and supporting more accurate syntactic analysis in both academic and professional contexts.

The Relation of The Diabetes and Periodontal Diseases

Amina Sabah Hashem — 2025-04-09

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are prevalent chronic conditions with significant public health implications. Emerging research suggests a bidirectional relationship between the two, where diabetes exacerbates periodontal inflammation and vice versa. Clinical and microbiological evidence indicates that individuals with diabetes have increased susceptibility to periodontitis, and periodontal inflammation can impair glycaemic control. Despite the extensive body of literature, inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria, population heterogeneity, and evolving methods of glycaemic assessment complicate direct comparisons and hinder comprehensive understanding. This study aims to evaluate the interrelation between diabetes and periodontal diseases by synthesizing existing clinical, pathological, and microbiological findings to clarify the underlying mechanisms and the potential for therapeutic intervention. The review confirms that hyperglycemia leads to prolonged inflammatory responses, impaired healing, and altered immune function, which contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontal therapy, particularly non-surgical interventions, has been associated with modest but clinically meaningful improvements in HbA1c levels. Differences in oral microbiota, including elevated levels of P. gingivalis in diabetic individuals, further support a microbiological link. The synthesis emphasizes the reciprocal influence of both diseases, highlighting the role of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1, and MMPs, and identifies the potential of periodontal care as an adjunctive strategy in diabetes management. These findings support integrating periodontal assessment and treatment into comprehensive diabetes care, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the impact of both conditions and improve patient outcomes.

The Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications

Ayoob Murtadha Alshaikh Faqri — 2025-04-14

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system's aberrant response against the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Cytokines, as critical mediators of immune responses, play a pivotal role in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. These small signaling proteins regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells, and their dysregulation can trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) have been found to be highly expressed in several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) attempt to counterbalance this response but are often insufficient to control disease progression. Understanding the specific cytokine profiles and their interactions provides valuable insight into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Moreover, targeting cytokines has become a promising therapeutic approach. Biologic agents such as monoclonal antibodies and receptor antagonists have been developed to inhibit specific cytokines, significantly improving clinical outcomes in many patients. However, challenges remain, including the risk of immunosuppression and variability in patient response. Future research is focused on identifying more precise cytokine targets and developing personalized cytokine-based therapies. In conclusion, cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and modulating their activity holds great potential for innovative and effective treatments.

Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides: A Molecular Strategy Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Sajjad Hassoon Ramadhan — 2025-04-15

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems are a potent strategy utilized to enhance the stability and targeting of antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant-bacteria. Peptide antimicrobials have therapeutic potential but their usefulness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is undermined by poor bioavailability and therefore it is critical to address this issue by developing delivery systems to realise their full potential. A total of 4 months (December 2024– April 2025), this in vitro experimental study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ministry of health, Salah Al-deen health department, Samarra Healthcare and primary sector, to test nanoparticles delivery systems for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. MDR E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, clinical isolates were reactivated for testing. AMP-loaded nanoparticles were formulated through ionic gelation and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. The treated group (G2) showed significant results in the properties of the particles and antibacterial activity (on the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) compared to the control (G1). G2 has a larger particle size and zeta potential compared with G1 to achieve improved granulation efficiency (95.3% vs 80.5%; P < 0.01). The bactericidal activity was also increased; the inhibition zone was larger in G2 for E. coli (26.5 mm), S. aureus (22.0 mm), and P. aeruginosa, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion; The study implicates that ameliorated properties of nanoparticles forwarded improved encapsulation efficiency and engineered peptide release, yielding better stability of AMPs and precise bacterial targeting, as a consequence mediating enhanced anti-MDR activity.

Immunological Investigation of CD133 in Samples of Iraqi Colorectal Cancer Patients

Maryam A. Nemat — 2025-04-15

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease that occurs when cells in the colon or rectum proliferate out of control. The biomarker CD133 has been found on the surface of CSCs in colorectal cancer. The overexpression of CD133 has been linked to a poor prognosis, decreased overall survival, and therapy resistance in colorectal cancer and a number of other tumor types. This study aimed to investigate the expression intensity of CD133 in colorectal cancer patients and evaluate the relationship between this marker and the clinic-pathological characteristics. Expression of CD133 was studied by using immunohistochemical test in paraffin blocks of colorectal cancer and normal tissues in patients who were referred to Kirkuk General Hospital, Azadi Teaching Hospital, and GIT & Hepatology Teaching Hospital. CD133 expression was detected in 32% of colorectal cancer cases, with varying intensities (25% strong, 50% moderate, 25% weak). Expression was predominantly observed in adenocarcinomas and in tumors located in the colon. CD133-positive cases were more frequent among males and older age groups. Associations were noted between CD133 expression and tumor grade, stage, and site. These findings suggest a potential link between CD133 and colorectal cancer progression. This study highlights the potential role of CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in colorectal cancer. CD133 expression was associated with specific clinicopathological features, indicating its involvement in tumor progression and treatment resistance. The findings suggest that CD133 could serve as a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target.

Exploring the Geographical Distribution of Groundwater Sources and their Associations to Chronic Kidney Diseases: A Review

Ali Suleiman Arzek — 2025-04-16

This review explores the geographical distribution of groundwater sources and their potential link to chronic kidney diseases (CKD), with a focus on relevancy to Iraq. Groundwater is a crucial water source for many regions, including parts of Iraq, and its availability and quality vary significantly across geographical locations due to geological, hydrological and anthropogenic factors. The review examines studies and data from various locations including Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia and Iraq to identify patterns and associations between groundwater quality and CKD prevalence. These regions provide useful case studies due to widespread groundwater usage, available research, and diverse environmental settings. The findings highlight how groundwater mineral composition can impact CKD rates in different areas. In Iraq, chronic kidney disease has spread widely in recent years as some communities have increasingly relied on groundwater extraction for drinking and irrigation, due to declining flows in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The review investigates factors influencing groundwater quality and considers their potential influence on chronic kidney disease in Iraq and other regions. While an association between groundwater and CKD is evident, additional research is still needed to fully characterize this relationship and its public health implications when accounting for confounding variables and clarifying mechanisms. The review provides valuable insights for studying the spatial distribution of CKD in Iraq and surrounding areas.