Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science

Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of The Course of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

U.R. Fayziyeva — 2025-04-07

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be a major health challenge and a leading cause of child mortality globally, particularly in ecologically unfavorable regions. In Uzbekistan, environmental, socio-cultural, and infrastructural disparities exacerbate CAP prevalence among children, while viral-bacterial shifts post-COVID-19 complicate its clinical course. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, limited regional studies have explored cytokine profiles in young children with CAP, particularly in the Uzbek population of the Surkhandarya region, where genotyping and immune response data remain insufficient. This study aims to characterize the clinical features of CAP in children and investigate serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, and interferons (α, β, γ), identifying their diagnostic and prognostic value.The study of 50 children revealed a predominance of acute clinical symptoms such as hyperthermia, dyspnea, and severe intoxication, accompanied by distinct cytokine imbalances, notably elevated IL-1β and IL-4 levels and significant shifts in interferon profiles, indicating a strong inflammatory response. This is the first immunogenetic investigation of pediatric CAP in the Surkhandarya region, highlighting the relationship between cytokine levels and disease severity, and offering a molecular perspective on the pathogenesis of CAP. Findings suggest cytokine profiling can inform early diagnostics, prognostics, and individualized immunomodulatory therapies, supporting improved clinical outcomes and rational antibiotic use in pediatric CAP.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is A Clinical Course of The Disease in The Identified Pregnancy

Qurbonova Gulnoza Abdirayimovna — 2025-04-09

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a significant global public health challenge, with growing prevalence among pregnant women, leading to increased concerns in obstetrics and infectious disease fields. In Uzbekistan, the incidence of tuberculosis in children has increased by 2.4 times over the past two decades, while pregnancy complicates the clinical management due to immunological changes and fetal vulnerability. Despite the known risks, limited data exist on the clinical presentation and outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis during pregnancy in regional contexts. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of pulmonary tuberculosis in pregnant women and assess associated complications. A retrospective analysis of 9 pregnant women revealed that 66.6% had unilateral lung involvement, 33.3% had infiltrative forms, and 88.8% had detectable Koch’s bacilli. Anemia was present in all patients, with 23% experiencing severe anemia. Cesarean section was required in four cases, and one pregnancy was terminated due to uterine bleeding. The study provides region-specific clinical insights into the manifestation of tuberculosis during pregnancy and its management under the DOTS program. Early detection, careful radiological evaluation, and timely obstetric intervention, including cesarean delivery, can significantly improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches in managing tuberculosis in pregnancy, particularly in high-burden regions.

Comparison and Survey Study of Toxoplasmosis Between Karbala and Babylon Governorates

Sawsan Darweesh jari — 2025-04-09

Language proficiency is a fundamental component of effective communication, particularly in educational and professional settings. In the context of Arabic grammar, understanding syntactic structures is essential for linguistic accuracy and fluency. The study of grammatical structures, particularly those related to verbs, remains a critical area of research in Arabic linguistics. Certain verb forms present unique challenges in interpretation and application, influencing both written and spoken discourse. While previous studies have explored various grammatical structures in Arabic, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis regarding the classification and syntactic functions of specific verb forms, leading to inconsistencies in linguistic interpretation. This study aims to analyze the syntactic structures of selected Arabic verb forms, identifying their grammatical roles and classification to enhance linguistic clarity and educational methodologies. The findings reveal key distinctions in verb classifications and their syntactic functions, highlighting patterns that contribute to a more precise understanding of Arabic grammar. These results provide valuable insights into the structural intricacies of the language. Unlike conventional studies that focus on broad grammatical categories, this research offers a detailed examination of specific verb structures, shedding light on their unique syntactic behaviors and functional variations. The study contributes to Arabic linguistic scholarship by refining grammatical classification systems, facilitating improved language instruction, and supporting more accurate syntactic analysis in both academic and professional contexts.

The Relation of The Diabetes and Periodontal Diseases

Amina Sabah Hashem — 2025-04-09

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are prevalent chronic conditions with significant public health implications. Emerging research suggests a bidirectional relationship between the two, where diabetes exacerbates periodontal inflammation and vice versa. Clinical and microbiological evidence indicates that individuals with diabetes have increased susceptibility to periodontitis, and periodontal inflammation can impair glycaemic control. Despite the extensive body of literature, inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria, population heterogeneity, and evolving methods of glycaemic assessment complicate direct comparisons and hinder comprehensive understanding. This study aims to evaluate the interrelation between diabetes and periodontal diseases by synthesizing existing clinical, pathological, and microbiological findings to clarify the underlying mechanisms and the potential for therapeutic intervention. The review confirms that hyperglycemia leads to prolonged inflammatory responses, impaired healing, and altered immune function, which contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontal therapy, particularly non-surgical interventions, has been associated with modest but clinically meaningful improvements in HbA1c levels. Differences in oral microbiota, including elevated levels of P. gingivalis in diabetic individuals, further support a microbiological link. The synthesis emphasizes the reciprocal influence of both diseases, highlighting the role of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1, and MMPs, and identifies the potential of periodontal care as an adjunctive strategy in diabetes management. These findings support integrating periodontal assessment and treatment into comprehensive diabetes care, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the impact of both conditions and improve patient outcomes.

The Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications

Ayoob Murtadha Alshaikh Faqri — 2025-04-14

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system's aberrant response against the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Cytokines, as critical mediators of immune responses, play a pivotal role in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. These small signaling proteins regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells, and their dysregulation can trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) have been found to be highly expressed in several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) attempt to counterbalance this response but are often insufficient to control disease progression. Understanding the specific cytokine profiles and their interactions provides valuable insight into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Moreover, targeting cytokines has become a promising therapeutic approach. Biologic agents such as monoclonal antibodies and receptor antagonists have been developed to inhibit specific cytokines, significantly improving clinical outcomes in many patients. However, challenges remain, including the risk of immunosuppression and variability in patient response. Future research is focused on identifying more precise cytokine targets and developing personalized cytokine-based therapies. In conclusion, cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and modulating their activity holds great potential for innovative and effective treatments.

Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides: A Molecular Strategy Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Sajjad Hassoon Ramadhan — 2025-04-15

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems are a potent strategy utilized to enhance the stability and targeting of antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant-bacteria. Peptide antimicrobials have therapeutic potential but their usefulness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is undermined by poor bioavailability and therefore it is critical to address this issue by developing delivery systems to realise their full potential. A total of 4 months (December 2024– April 2025), this in vitro experimental study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ministry of health, Salah Al-deen health department, Samarra Healthcare and primary sector, to test nanoparticles delivery systems for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. MDR E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, clinical isolates were reactivated for testing. AMP-loaded nanoparticles were formulated through ionic gelation and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. The treated group (G2) showed significant results in the properties of the particles and antibacterial activity (on the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) compared to the control (G1). G2 has a larger particle size and zeta potential compared with G1 to achieve improved granulation efficiency (95.3% vs 80.5%; P < 0.01). The bactericidal activity was also increased; the inhibition zone was larger in G2 for E. coli (26.5 mm), S. aureus (22.0 mm), and P. aeruginosa, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion; The study implicates that ameliorated properties of nanoparticles forwarded improved encapsulation efficiency and engineered peptide release, yielding better stability of AMPs and precise bacterial targeting, as a consequence mediating enhanced anti-MDR activity.

Immunological Investigation of CD133 in Samples of Iraqi Colorectal Cancer Patients

Maryam A. Nemat — 2025-04-15

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease that occurs when cells in the colon or rectum proliferate out of control. The biomarker CD133 has been found on the surface of CSCs in colorectal cancer. The overexpression of CD133 has been linked to a poor prognosis, decreased overall survival, and therapy resistance in colorectal cancer and a number of other tumor types. This study aimed to investigate the expression intensity of CD133 in colorectal cancer patients and evaluate the relationship between this marker and the clinic-pathological characteristics. Expression of CD133 was studied by using immunohistochemical test in paraffin blocks of colorectal cancer and normal tissues in patients who were referred to Kirkuk General Hospital, Azadi Teaching Hospital, and GIT & Hepatology Teaching Hospital. CD133 expression was detected in 32% of colorectal cancer cases, with varying intensities (25% strong, 50% moderate, 25% weak). Expression was predominantly observed in adenocarcinomas and in tumors located in the colon. CD133-positive cases were more frequent among males and older age groups. Associations were noted between CD133 expression and tumor grade, stage, and site. These findings suggest a potential link between CD133 and colorectal cancer progression. This study highlights the potential role of CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in colorectal cancer. CD133 expression was associated with specific clinicopathological features, indicating its involvement in tumor progression and treatment resistance. The findings suggest that CD133 could serve as a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target.

Exploring the Geographical Distribution of Groundwater Sources and their Associations to Chronic Kidney Diseases: A Review

Ali Suleiman Arzek — 2025-04-16

This review explores the geographical distribution of groundwater sources and their potential link to chronic kidney diseases (CKD), with a focus on relevancy to Iraq. Groundwater is a crucial water source for many regions, including parts of Iraq, and its availability and quality vary significantly across geographical locations due to geological, hydrological and anthropogenic factors. The review examines studies and data from various locations including Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia and Iraq to identify patterns and associations between groundwater quality and CKD prevalence. These regions provide useful case studies due to widespread groundwater usage, available research, and diverse environmental settings. The findings highlight how groundwater mineral composition can impact CKD rates in different areas. In Iraq, chronic kidney disease has spread widely in recent years as some communities have increasingly relied on groundwater extraction for drinking and irrigation, due to declining flows in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The review investigates factors influencing groundwater quality and considers their potential influence on chronic kidney disease in Iraq and other regions. While an association between groundwater and CKD is evident, additional research is still needed to fully characterize this relationship and its public health implications when accounting for confounding variables and clarifying mechanisms. The review provides valuable insights for studying the spatial distribution of CKD in Iraq and surrounding areas.

The Optimization of Traffic Routing Systems using A Swarm Intelligence

Ali Hassan Ahmed — 2025-04-17

Route optimization is one of the significant roles in ITS, as it enables dynamic changes in routes in real-time, based on traffic information. This would reduce travel time, decrease congestion, and minimize the environmental impact due to vehicle emissions. Many algorithms, particularly those inspired by nature, like the Ant Colony Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization, Elephant Herding Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm, Grey Wolf Optimization, Shark Smell Optimization algorithms, have had success in enhancing efficiency in route optimization. These are all evaluated in hybrid forms here along with their independent forms to promote optimum traffic flow selection. The algorithms about the solution time, utilization of memory, iterations at which the solution was found as optimum, and iteration time of the best-iteration are implemented by using an artificial highway network that includes 15 nodes and 33 segments. This experimentation clearly illustrates how EHO is tending towards swiftness in finding an optimum at approximately 0.1042 seconds while still consuming minimal memory. The GWO_PSO hybrid algorithm had balanced performance in route optimization, efficiently lowering computation time and memory consumption. The present study shall contribute to further insights into selecting an appropriate algorithm for each optimization goal with regard to ITS by considering system efficiency and the reduction of environmental impacts.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Of New 3,3'- ((1E,1'E) - ((4H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5- Diyl) Bis (Azaneylylidene)) Bis (Methaneylylidene)) Diphenol With Some Transition Metal Ions

Hanaa Salem Shamki Al Awadi — 2025-04-19

Triazole-based compounds are widely studied due to their diverse biological properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Schiff base derivatives of triazoles have garnered attention for their potential coordination with transition metals, enhancing their pharmacological efficacy. While several triazole-based ligands have been synthesized, their structural elucidation, biological evaluation, and coordination with metal ions such as Co(II) and Cu(II) require further exploration to establish their full therapeutic potential. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies provide a detailed correlation between the spectroscopic characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial effects of newly synthesized triazole Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes. This study aims to synthesize a novel Schiff base derived from 4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, characterize its structure using various spectroscopic methods, and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities, both as a free ligand and in complexation with Co(II) and Cu(II) ions. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a Schiff base with successful coordination to metal ions in a 1:1 stoichiometry. The ligand demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, with lower DPPH scavenging efficiency than ascorbic acid. Antibacterial testing revealed moderate inhibitory effects against Klebsiella and E. coli, with enhanced activity in the metal complexes. This study introduces a novel triazole-derived Schiff base and its Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes, supported by comprehensive spectroscopic and biological analyses. The results suggest that metal complexation can improve the biological activity of Schiff base ligands, indicating potential applications in the development of new antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

The Immune System's Response to Breast Cancer and New Opportunities in Immunotherapy

Ravshanova Nasiba Berdiyarovna — 2025-04-19

Breast cancer exists as one of the primary malignant diseases in females across the globe despite ongoing difficulties during its prevention and diagnostic stages and therapeutic cycles. Researchers have achieved major breakthroughs in cancer cell immunity during the last few years which resulted in the creation of new immunotherapeutic treatments. This article investigates how breast cancer triggers immune system molecular and biochemical responses through research of immune cells like T-lymphocytes and NK cells alongside macrophages while studying the effect of tumor microenvironment on these responses. The article examines how PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors function alongside monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cell therapy as present-day immunotherapeutic methods. Although breast cancer belongs to the immunologic "cold" tumor group patients sometimes demonstrate beneficial reactions to new therapeutic methods. The clinical outcome and survival time for patients have been improved using combination treatments which link immunotherapy with standard treatments including chemotherapy and radiation. The implementation of immunotherapy requires resolving three main barriers that include autoimmune side effects and costly treatments and the issue of proper patient selection processes. The potential for future improvements in treatment results stems from genetic profiling with personalized immunotherapy combined with AI-based prediction systems. The article emphasizes the necessity of studying how immunotherapy treats different breast cancer subtypes specifically in Uzbekistan due to little published research in this area. The data shows why breast cancer treatment requires individualized treatment plans because they promote effective patient care and improved prognosis.

Understanding the Biochemical Basis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Clinical Chemistry Approach

Sada Abdullah Kareem — 2025-04-22

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. This study explores the biochemical underpinnings of AD through a clinical chemistry lens, focusing on the alterations in key biomolecules and metabolic pathways associated with the disease. We examine the roles of amyloid-beta peptides, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and oxidative stress in neuronal damage, alongside their implications for early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. By analyzing biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, we aim to enhance the understanding of disease mechanisms and improve diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, this approach highlights the potential of targeted therapies that address specific biochemical pathways, paving the way for more effective treatment strategies. Through a comprehensive review of current literature and ongoing research, this study seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding AD and its biochemical foundations, ultimately aiming to facilitate advancements in clinical practice and patient care.

The Effect of Myrtle Plant Extract Nanoemulsions on the Efficacy of Antibiotics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Dhulfiqar Abdul Hussein Baqer Alkhawga — 2025-05-01

The increase of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa germs has made it important to find new ways to make antibiotics work better. Plant-based compounds, especially tiny mixtures of active plant extracts, have shown good potential to fight germs. This study looks at how myrtle plant extract, made into tiny droplets, helps boost the antibacterial power of certain antibiotics against a bacteria called P. Aeruginosa is a type of bacteria. Myrtle extract was made into a tiny oil mixture using sound waves. The tiny oil droplets in the nanoemulsion were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis to understand their physical and chemical properties. We tested how well the antibacterial properties worked using two methods: agar well diffusion and broth microdilution. We did this both with and without antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) were used to check how well different substances work together. The myrtle nanoemulsion had an average particle size of about 85 nanometers with a zeta potential of -32 millivolts, showing that it is stable. The nanoemulsion showed some ability to kill bacteria against P. aeruginosa (area where growth is stopped: 11–14 mm). When used together with antibiotics, there was a big improvement in how well it fought germs. Notably, when paired with ciprofloxacin, the FICI was 0. 38, showing that they worked better together. The amounts of antibiotics needed to work were lowered by 2 to 4 times when the nanoemulsion was added. These results indicate that the nanoemulsion might break down bacterial membranes or help antibiotics get into bacteria better.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids Extracted from Anethum graveolens using GC-Mass and DPPH Assay

Asmaa Abdulameer Bedn — 2025-05-01

The growing interest in natural compounds with medicinal potential has prompted researchers to explore the bioactive components of A. graveolens (Greater Celandine). The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of flavonoid extracts and the alcoholic extract of A. graveolens, in addition to determining the chemical composition of the alcoholic extract using GC-MS analysis. The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presence of a variety of chemical compounds in the alcoholic extract of A. graveolens, including alkanes, alcohols, organic acids, and silicon compounds. This chemical diversity indicates the possibility of biologically active compounds in the extract. The anti-oxidant activity study showed that both extracts (flavonoid and ethyl alcohol) have significant antioxidant activity, as their activity is similar to that of vitamin C, which is a well-known antioxidant. The A. graveolens alcoholic extract showed the highest percentage at the lowest concentration (200 μg/ml), which indicates that the antioxidant activity is higher at low concentrations. These results indicate that Nabat al-Shabat contains biologically active compounds with antioxidant properties. These compounds play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, which are associated with the development of many chronic diseases. These results encourage further research to determine the specific chemical compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity in the nightshade, and to evaluate its activity and safety in various applications.

Pre and Postoperative Management of Women in Obstetric and Gynecological Practice Using Mineral Water

Khurshida Shodieva — 2025-05-01

The success of surgical intervention depends not only on thorough examination, proper prescription of medications, and adherence to recommendations of related specialists, but also on the preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for the upcoming surgery. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of the therapeutic-table mineral water "Chortoq" in women for preoperative preparation and postoperative management in both obstetric and gynecological practice. The use of "Chortoq" mineral water in women before and after surgical interventions demonstrated a positive effect on gastrointestinal function and also led to changes in blood electrolyte parameters. Its use contributes to a faster recovery and has a beneficial impact on the postoperative period. Therefore, it is recommended to include "Chortoq" therapeutic-table mineral water in both preoperative preparation and postoperative care.

Future Directions in Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry: Innovations, Digital Advancements, and Biomimetic Approaches

Tay Hatem Kadhom Al-Taie — 2025-05-03

Advancements in biomaterials, digital technology, and regenerative methods are resulting in a great transformation of restorative and aesthetic dentistry. Yet, the integration of biomimetic and AI based digital workflows as well as sustainability into clinical routines is not yet extensively explored. However, the article fills this gap by reviewing bioactive and nanotechnology enhanced materials, CAD/CAM, AI driven diagnostics and those that are regenerative such as stem cell therapies. The study synthesizes recent research and clinical advances to identify how modern materials increase mechanical strength, aesthetics and longevity while digital tools support precision of treatment and patient centered care. The findings indicate that biomimetic materials, minimally invasive approaches, and regenerative strategies, combined, can result in restorations that are functionally durable, visually natural and biologically compatible. This is the future where individualized therapies, sustainability and the industrial integration of restorative practice become the trends. Implications for a paradigm shift toward further more efficient and biocompatible, environmentally responsible dentistry, with potential improvement of patient outcomes and the establishment of a new Dental care standard in the worldwide.

Exploring the Dual Impact: Assessment of Glaucoma and Dry Eye Syndrome on Patient Outcomes

Ali Abbas Hassan Fazaa — 2025-05-03

The present study sought to explore the Dual Impact Assessment of Glaucoma and Dry Eye Syndrome on Patient Outcomes. A total of 180 patients from multiple hospitals across Iraq were included in the study, and demographic and baseline patient information was collected. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups over a one-year study period. In this study, a demographic questionnaire was created, including age, sex, height, weight, income, and comorbidities, which were crucial factors in distinguishing between the two groups. The severity of dry eye was categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. The standardized chart was utilized to assess best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), which was subsequently incorporated into the LogMAR score as an additional criterion. The results obtained in this study were as follows: The mean age of Group 1 was 65.1 years (± 7.9 years), and Group 2 was 66.5 years (± 8.3 years). Group 1 had a higher proportion of mild cases (44.4%), while Group 2 had more moderate and severe dry eye cases (18.9%), suggesting severe ocular discomfort. The condition, known as dry eye syndrome, has been shown to have a significant impact on tear production and overall ocular health. This impact can be evidenced by lower Schirmer test scores and shorter tear breakup times in patients diagnosed with glaucoma. This emphasises the necessity for regular assessment and concurrent management of the condition. Group 2 demonstrated lower retinal layer thickness values in both the retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT; 86.5 μm) and the ganglion cell complex-peripheral layer thickness (GCIPLT; 76.6 μm) in comparison to Group 1. Subsequent data demonstrates a gradual decline in adherence rates between the two groups. Thus necessitating interventions to maintain patient engagement and to monitor for early indications of non-adherence. It has been posited that both glaucoma and dry eye syndrome (DES) have dualistic repercussions on the patients' outcomes when it comes to integrated care. Therefore, healthcare practitioners ought to be cognisant of DES in patients with glaucoma in such cases for the purpose of improving adherence and quality of life.

A Structural and Crystalline Properties Analysis of Nanomaterials Using Electron Diffraction Techniques

Zainab Alwan Adhib — 2025-05-04

In this research, we present a fast and easy method for analyzing electron diffraction patterns of randomly selected areas (SAED) without the need to rotate or tilt the sample. The goal is to determine the crystalline phase and unit cell by combining the outcomes with software for X-ray diffraction (XRD). After determining the pattern's center, the two-dimensional (2D-SAED) pattern can be easily transformed into a one-dimensional (1D-profile) file if the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is calibrated correctly and the camera length is accurately adjusted. After precisely detecting the peaks or matching the file, this file is then input into XRD analysis tools, allowing phase identification and unit cell determination. The method was tested and validated using two nanomaterials: TiO₂ with a flaky structure and TiO₂ nanotubes deposited with silver nanoparticles. The method also demonstrated success in crystalline analysis of a single gold nanoparticle crystal, indicating its potential use in analyzing small-sized nanocrystals, although it may require using two or more tilted SAED patterns. If dependable integrated diffraction intensity can be derived, this method can be extended for quantitative phase analysis, structural determination, and enhancing Rietveld refinement models for nanomaterials.

Exploring Nurses’ competency in the care of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Descriptive Study

Mariam Mohammed Ali Kareem — 2025-05-12

Ischemia is a condition in which the flow of blood and therefore, oxygen to a part of the body is restricted or decreased. Cardiac ischemia is the decreased flow of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. The two patients have an important role through the management of interventions (pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic) by monitoring the patient's condition in terms of pulses, ECG, the patient's heart condition and monitoring the activities of these interventions. The study started from March 12, 2023, until April 29, 2023. A suitable sample was taken from 60 nurses in the current study. Samples are collected in the intensive care unit and the cardiac center. The current study's results indicated that most samples (88.33%) of the nurses had poor knowledge of heart disease. It was found that most of the nurses were females (53.3%), whose ages ranged between (20-28), and the highest percentage of nurses were graduates of the Institute of Nursing (46.7%), and the nurses lived in urban areas (80%) and those who did not Have experience in an open-heart unit and who have not been trained in cardiology (60%). Encouraging nurses to study about heart diseases to increase and update their knowledge by reading books or research or attending conferences or training courses outside Iraq to improve and develop knowledge regarding heart diseases.

Review of Pituitary Gland Dysfunction and Diseases

Duaa Hamad Hamza — 2025-05-07

One of the most significant endocrine glands in the human body, the pituitary secretes hormones that affect the functioning of other glands, helping to regulate a wide range of physiological processes. The infundibulum connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus, and it is situated in the sella turcica, a bony chamber near the base of the brain. The anterior lobe, or adenohypophysis, is the largest portion of the pituitary gland and is made up of secretory cells that produce hormones like growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), milk-stimulating hormone (prolactin), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and the reproductive hormones (FSH and LH). Two hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary-neurohypophysis): oxytocin, which is involved in childbirth and milk production, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which maintains water balance. These hormones affect water and salt balance, growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress management. Health issues like dwarfism, gigantism, hyperprolactinemia, and syndromes like Cushing's and Sheehan syndrome can result from any disruption in pituitary function.

Clinical Manifestation and Immunological Assays for H.Pylori Diagnosis

Nadhim N. Tahir — 2025-05-07

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivation is a cornerstone of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, with significant cultural and economic importance. Specific Background: In Iraq, the date palm sector faces critical challenges due to traditional propagation methods and limited genetic diversity. Despite the known advantages of tissue culture for mass propagation and disease-free plant production, there is insufficient localized research on its effective implementation in Iraqi varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the role of tissue culture technology in the rapid propagation of elite date palm cultivars and its potential to support the recovery of Iraq’s date palm sector. The research demonstrated that tissue culture techniques, specifically somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, can produce uniform and healthy date palm plantlets, ensuring high propagation rates and genetic fidelity. Additionally, successful acclimatization rates were achieved, indicating the viability of large-scale production. This work provides the first systematic evaluation of tissue culture application for Iraqi date palm cultivars, addressing technical and operational constraints in local laboratories. The findings highlight the potential of biotechnology to revolutionize date palm propagation in Iraq, offering a sustainable solution for germplasm conservation, cultivar improvement, and re-establishment of Iraq’s leadership in date production.

Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Knowledge Regarding Chest Physiotherapy

Mahmood Adil Ezzulddin Al-Jubari — 2025-05-08

Chest physiotherapy is a critical interventional technique used in intensive care units to manage respiratory complications, improve lung function, and prevent potential respiratory-related complications in critically ill patients. Nurses play a vital role treating patients in the intensive care unit. Chest physiotherapy is often administered by nurses. as it requires nurses to have specialized knowledge and skills in chest percussion, vibration, deep breathing, postural drainage, and manually-assisted cough techniques. This study aims to assess nurses’ knowledge regarding chest physiotherapy at Kirkuk city Hospitals. A non-experimental cross-sectional design was utilized in this study from December 2024 to April 2025. A non-probability (purposive) sampling technique was used to collect data in the intensive care unit at Azadi Teaching Hospital and Kirkuk Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq. There were 77 nurses in the study. The researcher constructed a questionnaire form to gather data on nurses' knowledge of chest physiotherapy. The questionnaires were sent to a panel of ten experts in various fields to ensure the tool's validity, and they were modified according to with their recommendations. The study results were analyzed using statistical data analysis methods in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Frequencies, percentages, mean scores (MS), and standard deviation (SD) were used for descriptive data analysis. Inferential data analysis was also used to draw logical conclusions. Results show that a substantial portion of nurses are in the age group of 25-29 years old, and most of them are female. The nurse's knowledge of the “Chest Percussion and Vibration Technique" was mostly high level. About three quarters of nurses (71.43%) had assessed a high level concerning "Deep Breathing Technique.” Finding nurses' knowledge of "Manually Assisted Cough Technique," results showed that (57.14%) had assessed at a high level; also, "Postural Drainage," results showed that (57.14%) had assessed at a moderate level. Finally, the finding of the study shows that the nurses’ knowledge had a highly significant relationship with nurses’ experience in the intensive care unit. Most of the nurses possess a high level of knowledge regarding chest physiotherapy. And there is a highly significant relationship between nurses’ knowledge concerning chest physiotherapy and their experience in the intensive care unit.

Liver Enzymes' Influence on Hepatic Disorder Diagnosis

Hawraa Hamid Hussein — 2025-05-10

In order to diagnose and treat liver diseases, liver enzymes are essential. These proteins, known by way of enzymes, aid in the liver's numerous metabolic processes. When liver cells are damaged, these enzymes are released into the bloodstream, which can be detected by blood tests. The levels of liver enzymes can assist reflect the extent of liver damage, the kind of liver disease, and how effectively the liver is functioning. The purpose of the review was to investigate the diagnostic value of Liver Enzymes' in Hepatic Disorder. A thorough analysis of the literature dealing with Liver Enzymes' assays, as well as their clinical effectiveness, sensitivity, specificity, and use in diverse patient populations was performed. The focus of the analysis is on the comparative studies, biomarker performance evaluation, and new diagnostic protocol development. Liver Enzymes' assays enhance the diagnosis of liver diseases by detecting liver enzymes at higher concentrations, which allows for timely intervention and risk stratification. Liver Enzymes' tests have showed considerable challenges like the degree of standardization of the assay. Because it permits more accurate and timely liver disorder notifications, the integration of liver enzymes assays into clinical practice aids in the accurate and timely detection of Liver Enzymes' injury.

An Experimental Study of Some Optical Properties of The Organic Semiconductor Molecule (Alq3)

Ahmed Saad Abd — 2025-05-10

In this research, an experimental study was conducted to analyze the spectral effects of different concentrations of the organic semiconductor Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq₃), using UV-Vis absorbance measurements in the spectral range of (200–1100) nm. Three samples were prepared with concentrations of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03) mM and a set of main optical properties were analyzed, including the absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), optical extinction coefficient (k), real (ε₁) and imaginary (ε₂) dielectric constants, in addition to optical conductivity (σₒ).The results showed that increasing the concentration of Alq₃ leads to a significant improvement in photon absorption and intensification of the optical response, attributed to enhanced molecular packing and increased density of optically active centers. Additionally, distinct electronic transition peaks of the π*→π and n*→π kinds were detected, indicating the possibility of improving the material's optical qualities for use in organic optical devices including organic solar cells and light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This study emphasizes how crucial it is to regulate the material's concentration as a useful factor for precisely adjusting its electrical and spectral characteristics.

Prevention and Health Education Strategies for Hepatitis in Children: A Nursing Perspective’s

Zainab Abidzaid Abid AL-Hadrawy — 2025-05-14

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global cause of acute and chronic hepatitis, transmitted through body fluids and from mother to child during childbirth. Despite the availability of vaccines, HBV remains a public health concern in some regions due to its potential complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. This study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding HBV prevention and explore the relationship between these aspects and their demographic characteristics. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the pediatric wards of teaching hospitals in Najaf Governorate, including Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital, from September 9th, 2024, to February 2nd, 2025. A purposive sample of 99 pediatric nurses participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire in Arabic, comprising three parts: socio-demographic data (9 items), knowledge of HBV (22 items across 3 sections), and attitudes toward HBV (10 items). Results showed that nurses' knowledge of HBV and its clinical manifestations was generally poor, although understanding of transmission, diagnosis, and treatment was acceptable. Knowledge regarding prevention reflected a positive outlook. However, attitudes toward HBV infection and prevention were uncertain. Significant relationships were found between knowledge and demographic factors such as age and years of experience, as well as between attitudes and prior training. The study concluded that most participants were aged 21–26 and lacked prior education on HBV prevention. It recommends enhancing continuous education and training, particularly on HBV transmission, clinical signs, and treatment. Visual reminders such as posters near nurses' stations are also advised to reinforce awareness and preventive practices.

Isolation and Diagnosis of Some Intestinal Helminthes from the Migratory Starling to Kirkuk Governorate

Shajaan Ridha Hasan — 2025-05-18

In this study, 60 common starlings caught in Kirkuk Governorate were collected and cut up between December 2023 and March 2024. Their intestines were looked at to see if they had intestinal worms. The results showed that birds had two kinds of intestinal worms: Acanthocephalan Spp. 12 (20%) and Passerilepis crenata 5 (8.33%). We meticulously illustrated the morphological features of the recovered helminths using a microscope and identified them with the aid of reference books.

The Emerging Threat of Acinetobacter baumannii Carbapenem Resistance: Molecular Pathways, Genomic Adaptations, and Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Rana Jalal Shaker — 2025-05-22

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) poses a critical threat in healthcare settings, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), where its association with ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections drives high mortality rates, this study integrates clinical, genomic, and phenotypic analyses of 200 CRAB isolates to unravel the molecular drivers of resistance and virulence. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the dominance of the ST2 clone (Pasteur scheme), harboring blaOXA-23 on the IncH-type plasmid GR6 and chromosomal mutations in ompA and adeABC efflux pumps, which correlated with pan-drug resistance and robust biofilm formation. Strong biofilm producers (OD570 ≥1.0) exhibited 5.2-fold greater survival under meropenem stress (64 µg/mL) and a 65% mortality rate in patients, underscoring biofilm’s role as a resistance amplifier. Molecular screening identified blaOXA-23 in 80% of isolates, while blaNDM-1 (35%) was linked to environmental persistence and cefiderocol resistance. In vivo models demonstrated the efficacy of colistin-meropenem combination therapy, reducing mortality from 100% to 30% in Galleria Mellon Ella. These findings emphasize the urgent need for genomic surveillance of high-risk clones and biofilm-targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate the CRAB crisis.

Surgical Innovations in Septoplasty: Patient Outcomes and Satisfaction

Ahmed Mahdi Raheem — 2025-05-23

A frequent surgical technique used to enhance airway function is septoplasty, which corrects a deviated nasal septum. There are advancements in surgical methods that might affect patient satisfaction and results. Over a 12-month follow-up period, this study intends to assess the efficacy of various surgical advancements in septoplasty as well as their influence in patient satisfaction and health outcomes. 85 people obtaining septoplasty participated in a cross-sectional study. Information about pre-existing symptoms, demographics, intraoperative measurements, and postoperative outcomes, such as pain, complications, quality of life, which was measured through the SF-36 questionnaire, along with patient satisfaction levels, were gathered. The study showed notable improvements in overall quality of life (mean SF-36 score of 80.5) and nasal blockage (82%). After surgery, the majority of patients (65%) expressed great levels of satisfaction. According to logistic regression, comorbidities. Improved satisfaction and outcomes for patients are the result of surgical advancements in septoplasty. In order to improve the treatment of patients, this study emphasizes the significance of personalized methods for surgical interventions and points to the necessity of continuous surgical technique improvement.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Biochemical Implications: Insights into Early Detection

Zina Lafta Hassan — 2025-05-23

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifaceted clinical condition characterized by a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. It significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The biochemical implications of MetS are profound, involving alterations in lipid metabolism, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances. These disturbances are often reflected in biomarkers such as elevated fasting glucose, increased triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin resistance markers like HOMA-IR. Early detection of MetS is crucial for preventing its progression and associated complications. Biochemical screening provides a valuable tool for identifying at-risk individuals before clinical symptoms become evident. Recent research emphasizes the role of adipokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-6), and oxidative stress markers as early indicators of metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, advances in genomics and metabolomics have enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MetS, offering promising avenues for personalized intervention strategies. This review highlights the importance of integrating biochemical markers in routine clinical assessments for early identification of MetS. Understanding the interplay between metabolic pathways and biochemical alterations can aid in developing more targeted therapeutic approaches. Ultimately, early biochemical diagnosis, combined with lifestyle modification and pharmacological interventions, may reduce the global burden of metabolic syndrome and its life-threatening sequelae.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride By Oxidative Coupling Using Schiff Bases As A Reagent

Sura Ekrayym Ahmed — 2025-05-25

A new spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of trifluoperazine in aqueous media using the oxidative reaction with the Schiff base reagent (1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-tril)tris(azanilidene)tris(methanedilidene). This reaction was generated by a 3–5-hour condensation between the aldehyde and an aromatic amine in the presence of glacial acetic acid, resulting in a light yellow precipitate with a molecular weight of 435 g/mol and a chemical formula of C24H21N9. Conjugation occurred at pH 1.28 in the presence of the oxidizing agent potassium iodate, producing a water-soluble product with a maximum absorbance at 548 nm. The product exhibited a stability period of over 70 minutes, sufficient for several measurements, and the Beer's law limits were between 70 and 10 μg/ml of trifluoperazine. The molar absorptivity was 3651.2 L/mol/cm, and the Sandell significance level was 0.131 μg/cm. The method was effective and convenient for testing, with a specificity of 100.49%, a relative error of 1.26%, and a detection limit of 0.208 mg/L. The method was effective in the determination of trifluoperazine in tablet form in pharmaceutical preparations.

Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Pyrazole and Pyrimidine Derivatives From Chalcones and Evaluation of Their Biological Effectiveness

Dhamer Ismael Madab — 2025-05-26

This study includes the preparing a new series of pyrazolin and pyrimidine derivatives that are expected to have promising biological properties. The preparation process was achieved through cyclization reactions and optimized reaction conditions to ensure high purity and yield of the target compounds. The first step includes the synthesis of (E)-3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (M1) from the reaction between 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde and 1-(4-aminophenyl)ethan-1-one. The second step includes the synthesis of (E)-N-(4-(3-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)phenyl)benzamide(M2) via reaction a mixture of (E)-3-(4-aminophenyl)-1-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (M1) and benzoyl chloride in the presence of pyridine. The third step includes the synthesis of pyrazole compounds (M3-M6) via the reaction of compounds (M2) with phenylhydrazine, hydrazine hydrate 80%, thiosemicarbazide, and hydrazine carboxamide, and finally, the production of pyrimidine compounds (M7-M8) via the condensation of compounds (M2) with thiourea and urea. The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using advanced analytical techniques, including (13C-NMR and 1H-NMR) spectroscopy, as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy. These spectroscopic techniques provided detailed structural data that contributed to identifying and confirming the chemical structures of the new compounds. Furthermore, the biological activity of the prepared compounds was evaluated against a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria Escherichia coli, pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus aureus, The antibacterial activity of compounds (M3, M4, M6 and M7) showed a significant effect as inhibitors of bacterial growth, while the rest of the compounds showed a weak to moderate effect compared to antibiotics. The results of this research contribute to expanding the library of biologically important heterocyclic compounds and open new horizons for the development of potential drugs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects.

The Effect of Metabolic Control on Reducing Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Bafayev J.T — 2025-05-27

Diabetes mellitus and rheumatic diseases are among the most prevalent chronic conditions worldwide, often coexisting and compounding each other’s clinical outcomes. Research has increasingly indicated a bidirectional relationship between metabolic disorders and inflammatory joint diseases, yet their intertwined pathophysiology and impact on disability remain insufficiently addressed in clinical management strategies. While individual treatment protocols exist for each condition, there is a lack of integrated approaches targeting patients with comorbid diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. This study aims to explore the influence of metabolic control—particularly blood glucose regulation—on the progression and disability outcomes in patients suffering simultaneously from diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis. Analysis of clinical studies and literature revealed that up to 42% of diabetic patients may develop arthritis, and conversely, rheumatoid arthritis increases the risk of type 2 diabetes by 1.2–1.4 times. Shared risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, chronic inflammation, and corticosteroid use exacerbate both conditions. The study confirms that improved metabolic control reduces inflammatory activity, preserves joint function, and mitigates the risk of systemic complications. This research presents a multidisciplinary synthesis linking endocrinology and rheumatology, emphasizing metabolic regulation as a central mechanism in preventing disability progression. The findings advocate for comprehensive treatment strategies that prioritize glycemic control, weight management, and anti-inflammatory interventions, offering practical recommendations to enhance patient quality of life and reduce long-term healthcare burden.

An Evaluation of the Nutritional Health and Dietary Behaviors of Secondary School Students from Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Households

Wameedh Hamid Shakir — 2025-05-29

Abstract: This study investigates the nutritional health and dietary behaviors of secondary school students from socioeconomically disadvantaged households in Najaf governorate. Using a cross-sectional, mixed-methods design, data were collected from October 9, 2023, to April 28, 2024, through structured questionnaires, 24-hour dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, and semi-structured interviews. A purposive sample of 96 students aged 12–18 from five public schools was selected based on high rates of subsidized meal recipients. The study instruments included a validated questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics and nutritional knowledge, dietary intake tools (24-hour recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire), and anthropometric indicators such as BMI and waist circumference. Results showed a significant association between low socioeconomic status and poor nutritional outcomes, including reduced intake of fruits and vegetables, increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, and higher rates of overweight and obesity. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 2024 and Microsoft Excel 2015, employing both descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (Chi-square tests), with significance set at p < 0.05. Qualitative interviews provided further insights into the socioeconomic barriers influencing food choices. The findings highlight the urgent need for school-based nutritional interventions and comprehensive policy reforms to address disparities in adolescent health among low-income populations..

The Study of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Illness, and How Present Concerns Differ from Earlier Expectations of Measles Eradication

Zahraa Al-Kheroo — 2025-05-31

This article demonstrates how measles, a vaccine-preventable viral illness, moved from being eradicated to resurgent in less than 40 years. Several factors have contributed to a "perfect storm" of increasing measles infections, fatalities, and hospitalizations throughout the world at this time, particularly in wealthier nations like Europe. The present rise in measles infections in 2024 is connected to decades of erroneous assertions about vaccinations' detrimental effects, such as vaccine hesitancy and complacency, decreased childhood vaccination rates in the aftermath of the COVID-19 epidemic, and a bogus link to autism. It is critical that all countries quickly adopt public health and primary care initiatives, as well as take efforts to promote awareness about the dangers of measles and the significance of following vaccine regimens.

Synthesis of New 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives: Molecular Docking Simulation and Biological Activity Study Against Resistant Bacteria with ADME Properties Analysis

Zina Hassan — 2025-05-31

In this research, we synthesized two new compounds from 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives namely compound 5 and compound 7. The biological activity of these two compounds against six different types of bacteria viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR), Escherichia coli 44, Escherichia coli 41, Klebsiella pneumoniae 49, Klebsiella pneumoniae 6 and Acinetobacter baumannii 17 were evaluated with the help of antibacterial activity assay. The results indicated that compound 5 exhibited high activity against some bacterial species relative to the standard antibiotic, imipenem. Compound 7 had excellent activities against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Simulation of the two compounds using Molecular Docking simulations through the molecular simulation program was also done, which gave excellent results indicating strong and possible interactions of the two compounds with bacterial targets. The results indicate that compound 5 has promising potential in treating bacterial infections, and these results are an important step towards the development of new antibiotics with higher efficacy. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques: FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectra which confirmed the chemical structures of the compounds.

Reducing of Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury by Camellia sinensis Extract in Rats through Immunological and Oxidative Stress Pathways

Hashim Abass — 2025-06-02

Camellia sinensis exhibits potential hepatoprotective properties attributed to its high polyphenolic content, especially catechins. This study sought to assess the efficacy of C. sinensis extract in mitigating ethanol-induced hepatic injury in a rat model, with particular emphasis on biomarkers associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Adult male of Wistar rats were allocated into four experimental groups , control, ethanol-treated (ETOH), ethanol plus low-dose C. sinensis (ETOH + CSL) and ethanol plus high-dose C. sinensis (ETOH + CSH). Hepatic damage induced by ethanol was evaluated by quantifying serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a key of oxidative stress biomarker. Ethanol exposure markedly increased TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels relative to the control group, indicating pronounced hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, supplementation with C. sinensis extract dose-dependently reduced TNF-α and IL-6. Particularly, the high-dose C. sinensis group (ETOH + CSH) exhibited a significant reduction in both pro-inflammatory cytokines and MDA levels, emphasizing its strong role as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The conclusion show that C. sinensis extract, particularly at higher doses, can mitigate ethanol-induced hepatic damage by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress and these results support the potential therapeutic use of C. sinensis in treating alcoholic liver diseases.

To The Study of Sepal Trichomes in The Genera of The Tribe Caryophylleae of The Family Caryophyllaceae

Akramjon Yuldashev — 2025-06-02

This article presents the results of studies of sepals of species of the genera Acanthophyllum, Kughitangia, Allochrusa, Drypis and Gypsophila. In species common in the south - mountainous Turkmenistan, Surkhandarya and the southwestern spur of the Pamir-Alay - glandular trichomes predominate over simple ones; in the direction from south to northeast, glandular ones are gradually replaced by simple ones, the number of the latter increases with increasing altitude above sea level.

An Enhanced 3D Haar Wavelet Approach for Parabolic Equations Involving Coupled Nonlinear Source Terms

Nadwah Najm Hamzah — 2025-06-02

The paper presents a new hybrid cryptographic system for image encryption algorithm combining the lightweight Ascon-AEAD with neural networks and chaotic systems. The CNAIE system uses Mish activation functions for neural diffusion and employs Q-learning-based reinforcement learning for the adaptability of key scheduling. Our solution caters to the current pressing demand of lightweight secure encryption methods with minimum computational overhead for IoT embedded systems. Results of encryption on some test images show the system testing near-optimal encryption entropy (≈7.99) and negligible adjacent pixel correlation (<0.01) compared to that of plaintext images (>0.90). The uniform histogram distribution and lack of meaningful pixel relations within encrypted images bear witness to the system's strength against statistical attacks. Furthermore, patch analysis establishes that the algorithm is quite sensitive to minor changes in key bits and cavity output variations caused by changes in even a single bit of the key. Performance evaluation establishes the system as feasible with security as per NIST for resource-constrained environments of the IoT.

Genetic Basis of Bladder Cancer: Predictive Roles of Interleukin Signaling Molecules

Hasanain Ali Shubbar — 2025-06-02

Despite the fact that bladder cancer is a major public health problem in Iraq, the genetic elements that contribute to its development are still not fully understood. Through the use of a case-control approach, the purpose of this investigation is to determine whether or not the IL-6 rs1800795 (-174 G/C) polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in the Iraqi population. Techniques. There were a total of 148 individuals in the research, including 78 cases and 70 controls. The participants were separated into two groups. Patients who had previously been diagnosed with bladder cancer by histological examination made up the case group. In cases, the GC genotype and the G allele were found to be significantly more prevalent than in controls (odds ratio = 2.22, p = 0.004). On the other hand, the GC and C alleles were found to be considerably more prevalent in cases. The outcomes. At the case group level, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of the probability of developing bladder cancer (p 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of the GG genotype between the patients and the controls in the control group (P = $0.04). A further finding was that there was no statistically significant difference in the CC genotype between the patients and the controls (p = 0.001). I will conclude. Taking into consideration these findings, it appears that there may be a connection between the gastrointestinal genotype of the miR-146a gene and an elevated risk of lung cancer in Iraq. Given that both the miR146a SNP Rs2910164 and the miR 155 SNP rS767649 are risk factors for non-small cell lung cancer, it is important to emphasize the significance that genetic variables play in the genesis of lung cancer.

The Role of Troponin And Il-6 in Immunological Assessment of Sarcopenia in Oncological Patients

Shakhnoza Shavkatovna Shakhanova — 2025-06-03

Sarcopenia is a progressive syndrome associated with aging, leading to decreased muscle mass and function. This study aims to evaluate troponin and IL-6 as immunological biomarkers in sarcopenia. Methods: 180 patients aged 65–86 were analyzed for serum troponin T and IL-6 levels. Statistical analyses included Mann–Whitney U and logistic regression. Troponin was significantly elevated in sarcopenic patients. IL-6 showed a non-significant upward trend. Troponin was identified as an independent predictor. Troponin and IL-6 may serve as useful clinical biomarkers for sarcopenia. Troponin, in particular, holds promise for early detection.

Evaluation of Some Interleukins In Iraqi Patients With Giardia Infection

Worood Younis Azawi — 2025-06-05

The purpose of the current investigation is to ascertain how cellular responses contribute to reducing intestine invasion by Giardia. The study team was made up of 40 females and 20 males, aged 16–70, infected with Giardia intestinalis. Laboratory tests (colonoscopy, stool examination) were used to make the diagnosis. Blood was obtained for analysis both before and two weeks following the conclusion of antiparasitic therapy. There were twenty men and twenty-two women in the control group, aged 18 to 55 years. Serum concentrations of IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-ƴ. were measured using Quantikine human assays. Individuals infected with Giardia intestinalis exhibited a statistically significant elevation in IL-13 and IFN-ƴ levels. The levels of these indicators were not lowered by the antiparasitic medication that was supplied.

Manufacture of A Device That Warns Drivers of A Heart Attack or Drowsiness

Hashem Hassan Ali Abdel — 2025-06-07

Injuries resulting from accidental crashes are the 8th leading cause of global mortality.Sleepiness greatly undermines neurological function, creating a significant risk for road traffic accidents. This systematic review seeks to assess the relationship between driving fatigue and road incidents. Official data from the U.S. government indicates that drowsy driving is responsible for only 1%–2% of motor vehicle collisions; however, numerous studies suggest a more extensive issue. Our research investigates driver drowsiness prior to crashes, examining data from a thorough naturalistic driving study that monitored over 3,500 individuals using in-vehicle cameras and tracking equipment. By employing validated metrics based on the duration of eye closure, drowsiness was identified in 8.8%–9.5% of all crashes analyzed and in 10.6%–10.8% of those that resulted in significant damage or injury.It is essential to maintain driver focus and alertness.For longer journeys, it is advisable to have alternate drivers or to take regular breaks to reduce fatigue-related risks.Despite taking precautions, drivers frequently fall victim to drowsiness, resulting in serious consequences.Therefore, the implementation of smart features and devices to proactively alert drivers is necessary.With around 1.3 million traffic fatalities each year attributed to various factors, including driver fatigue and health problems, our device aims to reduce accidents by preventing operation by individuals who are sleep-deprived or medically unfit, thereby enhancing pedestrian safety and public trust in road travel.