Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science

Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of The Course of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

2025-04-07T05:12:00+00:00

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be a major health challenge and a leading cause of child mortality globally, particularly in ecologically unfavorable regions. In Uzbekistan, environmental, socio-cultural, and infrastructural disparities exacerbate CAP prevalence among children, while viral-bacterial shifts post-COVID-19 complicate its clinical course. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, limited regional studies have explored cytokine profiles in young children with CAP, particularly in the Uzbek population of the Surkhandarya region, where genotyping and immune response data remain insufficient. This study aims to characterize the clinical features of CAP in children and investigate serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, TNF-α, and interferons (α, β, γ), identifying their diagnostic and prognostic value.The study of 50 children revealed a predominance of acute clinical symptoms such as hyperthermia, dyspnea, and severe intoxication, accompanied by distinct cytokine imbalances, notably elevated IL-1β and IL-4 levels and significant shifts in interferon profiles, indicating a strong inflammatory response. This is the first immunogenetic investigation of pediatric CAP in the Surkhandarya region, highlighting the relationship between cytokine levels and disease severity, and offering a molecular perspective on the pathogenesis of CAP. Findings suggest cytokine profiling can inform early diagnostics, prognostics, and individualized immunomodulatory therapies, supporting improved clinical outcomes and rational antibiotic use in pediatric CAP.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is A Clinical Course of The Disease in The Identified Pregnancy

2025-04-09T01:31:07+00:00

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a significant global public health challenge, with growing prevalence among pregnant women, leading to increased concerns in obstetrics and infectious disease fields. In Uzbekistan, the incidence of tuberculosis in children has increased by 2.4 times over the past two decades, while pregnancy complicates the clinical management due to immunological changes and fetal vulnerability. Despite the known risks, limited data exist on the clinical presentation and outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis during pregnancy in regional contexts. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical course of pulmonary tuberculosis in pregnant women and assess associated complications. A retrospective analysis of 9 pregnant women revealed that 66.6% had unilateral lung involvement, 33.3% had infiltrative forms, and 88.8% had detectable Koch’s bacilli. Anemia was present in all patients, with 23% experiencing severe anemia. Cesarean section was required in four cases, and one pregnancy was terminated due to uterine bleeding. The study provides region-specific clinical insights into the manifestation of tuberculosis during pregnancy and its management under the DOTS program. Early detection, careful radiological evaluation, and timely obstetric intervention, including cesarean delivery, can significantly improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches in managing tuberculosis in pregnancy, particularly in high-burden regions.

Comparison and Survey Study of Toxoplasmosis Between Karbala and Babylon Governorates

2025-04-13T06:33:04+00:00

Language proficiency is a fundamental component of effective communication, particularly in educational and professional settings. In the context of Arabic grammar, understanding syntactic structures is essential for linguistic accuracy and fluency. The study of grammatical structures, particularly those related to verbs, remains a critical area of research in Arabic linguistics. Certain verb forms present unique challenges in interpretation and application, influencing both written and spoken discourse. While previous studies have explored various grammatical structures in Arabic, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis regarding the classification and syntactic functions of specific verb forms, leading to inconsistencies in linguistic interpretation. This study aims to analyze the syntactic structures of selected Arabic verb forms, identifying their grammatical roles and classification to enhance linguistic clarity and educational methodologies. The findings reveal key distinctions in verb classifications and their syntactic functions, highlighting patterns that contribute to a more precise understanding of Arabic grammar. These results provide valuable insights into the structural intricacies of the language. Unlike conventional studies that focus on broad grammatical categories, this research offers a detailed examination of specific verb structures, shedding light on their unique syntactic behaviors and functional variations. The study contributes to Arabic linguistic scholarship by refining grammatical classification systems, facilitating improved language instruction, and supporting more accurate syntactic analysis in both academic and professional contexts.

The Relation of The Diabetes and Periodontal Diseases

2025-04-09T13:28:34+00:00

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are prevalent chronic conditions with significant public health implications. Emerging research suggests a bidirectional relationship between the two, where diabetes exacerbates periodontal inflammation and vice versa. Clinical and microbiological evidence indicates that individuals with diabetes have increased susceptibility to periodontitis, and periodontal inflammation can impair glycaemic control. Despite the extensive body of literature, inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria, population heterogeneity, and evolving methods of glycaemic assessment complicate direct comparisons and hinder comprehensive understanding. This study aims to evaluate the interrelation between diabetes and periodontal diseases by synthesizing existing clinical, pathological, and microbiological findings to clarify the underlying mechanisms and the potential for therapeutic intervention. The review confirms that hyperglycemia leads to prolonged inflammatory responses, impaired healing, and altered immune function, which contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontal therapy, particularly non-surgical interventions, has been associated with modest but clinically meaningful improvements in HbA1c levels. Differences in oral microbiota, including elevated levels of P. gingivalis in diabetic individuals, further support a microbiological link. The synthesis emphasizes the reciprocal influence of both diseases, highlighting the role of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1, and MMPs, and identifies the potential of periodontal care as an adjunctive strategy in diabetes management. These findings support integrating periodontal assessment and treatment into comprehensive diabetes care, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the impact of both conditions and improve patient outcomes.

The Role of Cytokines in Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications

2025-04-14T08:48:29+00:00

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the immune system's aberrant response against the body's own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Cytokines, as critical mediators of immune responses, play a pivotal role in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. These small signaling proteins regulate the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells, and their dysregulation can trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) have been found to be highly expressed in several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) attempt to counterbalance this response but are often insufficient to control disease progression. Understanding the specific cytokine profiles and their interactions provides valuable insight into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Moreover, targeting cytokines has become a promising therapeutic approach. Biologic agents such as monoclonal antibodies and receptor antagonists have been developed to inhibit specific cytokines, significantly improving clinical outcomes in many patients. However, challenges remain, including the risk of immunosuppression and variability in patient response. Future research is focused on identifying more precise cytokine targets and developing personalized cytokine-based therapies. In conclusion, cytokines play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and modulating their activity holds great potential for innovative and effective treatments.

Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides: A Molecular Strategy Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

2025-04-15T03:57:12+00:00

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems are a potent strategy utilized to enhance the stability and targeting of antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant-bacteria. Peptide antimicrobials have therapeutic potential but their usefulness against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is undermined by poor bioavailability and therefore it is critical to address this issue by developing delivery systems to realise their full potential. A total of 4 months (December 2024– April 2025), this in vitro experimental study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ministry of health, Salah Al-deen health department, Samarra Healthcare and primary sector, to test nanoparticles delivery systems for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. MDR E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, clinical isolates were reactivated for testing. AMP-loaded nanoparticles were formulated through ionic gelation and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and morphology. The treated group (G2) showed significant results in the properties of the particles and antibacterial activity (on the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) compared to the control (G1). G2 has a larger particle size and zeta potential compared with G1 to achieve improved granulation efficiency (95.3% vs 80.5%; P < 0.01). The bactericidal activity was also increased; the inhibition zone was larger in G2 for E. coli (26.5 mm), S. aureus (22.0 mm), and P. aeruginosa, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion; The study implicates that ameliorated properties of nanoparticles forwarded improved encapsulation efficiency and engineered peptide release, yielding better stability of AMPs and precise bacterial targeting, as a consequence mediating enhanced anti-MDR activity.

Immunological Investigation of CD133 in Samples of Iraqi Colorectal Cancer Patients

2025-04-15T04:54:27+00:00

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease that occurs when cells in the colon or rectum proliferate out of control. The biomarker CD133 has been found on the surface of CSCs in colorectal cancer. The overexpression of CD133 has been linked to a poor prognosis, decreased overall survival, and therapy resistance in colorectal cancer and a number of other tumor types. This study aimed to investigate the expression intensity of CD133 in colorectal cancer patients and evaluate the relationship between this marker and the clinic-pathological characteristics. Expression of CD133 was studied by using immunohistochemical test in paraffin blocks of colorectal cancer and normal tissues in patients who were referred to Kirkuk General Hospital, Azadi Teaching Hospital, and GIT & Hepatology Teaching Hospital. CD133 expression was detected in 32% of colorectal cancer cases, with varying intensities (25% strong, 50% moderate, 25% weak). Expression was predominantly observed in adenocarcinomas and in tumors located in the colon. CD133-positive cases were more frequent among males and older age groups. Associations were noted between CD133 expression and tumor grade, stage, and site. These findings suggest a potential link between CD133 and colorectal cancer progression. This study highlights the potential role of CD133 as a cancer stem cell marker in colorectal cancer. CD133 expression was associated with specific clinicopathological features, indicating its involvement in tumor progression and treatment resistance. The findings suggest that CD133 could serve as a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target.

Exploring the Geographical Distribution of Groundwater Sources and their Associations to Chronic Kidney Diseases: A Review

2025-04-16T09:14:29+00:00

This review explores the geographical distribution of groundwater sources and their potential link to chronic kidney diseases (CKD), with a focus on relevancy to Iraq. Groundwater is a crucial water source for many regions, including parts of Iraq, and its availability and quality vary significantly across geographical locations due to geological, hydrological and anthropogenic factors. The review examines studies and data from various locations including Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia and Iraq to identify patterns and associations between groundwater quality and CKD prevalence. These regions provide useful case studies due to widespread groundwater usage, available research, and diverse environmental settings. The findings highlight how groundwater mineral composition can impact CKD rates in different areas. In Iraq, chronic kidney disease has spread widely in recent years as some communities have increasingly relied on groundwater extraction for drinking and irrigation, due to declining flows in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The review investigates factors influencing groundwater quality and considers their potential influence on chronic kidney disease in Iraq and other regions. While an association between groundwater and CKD is evident, additional research is still needed to fully characterize this relationship and its public health implications when accounting for confounding variables and clarifying mechanisms. The review provides valuable insights for studying the spatial distribution of CKD in Iraq and surrounding areas.

The Optimization of Traffic Routing Systems using A Swarm Intelligence

2025-04-17T03:01:51+00:00

Route optimization is one of the significant roles in ITS, as it enables dynamic changes in routes in real-time, based on traffic information. This would reduce travel time, decrease congestion, and minimize the environmental impact due to vehicle emissions. Many algorithms, particularly those inspired by nature, like the Ant Colony Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization, Elephant Herding Optimization, Whale Optimization Algorithm, Grey Wolf Optimization, Shark Smell Optimization algorithms, have had success in enhancing efficiency in route optimization. These are all evaluated in hybrid forms here along with their independent forms to promote optimum traffic flow selection. The algorithms about the solution time, utilization of memory, iterations at which the solution was found as optimum, and iteration time of the best-iteration are implemented by using an artificial highway network that includes 15 nodes and 33 segments. This experimentation clearly illustrates how EHO is tending towards swiftness in finding an optimum at approximately 0.1042 seconds while still consuming minimal memory. The GWO_PSO hybrid algorithm had balanced performance in route optimization, efficiently lowering computation time and memory consumption. The present study shall contribute to further insights into selecting an appropriate algorithm for each optimization goal with regard to ITS by considering system efficiency and the reduction of environmental impacts.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Of New 3,3'- ((1E,1'E) - ((4H-1,2,4-Triazole-3,5- Diyl) Bis (Azaneylylidene)) Bis (Methaneylylidene)) Diphenol With Some Transition Metal Ions

2025-04-19T07:39:54+00:00

Triazole-based compounds are widely studied due to their diverse biological properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Schiff base derivatives of triazoles have garnered attention for their potential coordination with transition metals, enhancing their pharmacological efficacy. While several triazole-based ligands have been synthesized, their structural elucidation, biological evaluation, and coordination with metal ions such as Co(II) and Cu(II) require further exploration to establish their full therapeutic potential. Knowledge Gap: Limited studies provide a detailed correlation between the spectroscopic characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial effects of newly synthesized triazole Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes. This study aims to synthesize a novel Schiff base derived from 4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, characterize its structure using various spectroscopic methods, and evaluate its antioxidant and antibacterial activities, both as a free ligand and in complexation with Co(II) and Cu(II) ions. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a Schiff base with successful coordination to metal ions in a 1:1 stoichiometry. The ligand demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, with lower DPPH scavenging efficiency than ascorbic acid. Antibacterial testing revealed moderate inhibitory effects against Klebsiella and E. coli, with enhanced activity in the metal complexes. This study introduces a novel triazole-derived Schiff base and its Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes, supported by comprehensive spectroscopic and biological analyses. The results suggest that metal complexation can improve the biological activity of Schiff base ligands, indicating potential applications in the development of new antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

The Immune System's Response to Breast Cancer and New Opportunities in Immunotherapy

2025-04-19T13:29:01+00:00

Breast cancer exists as one of the primary malignant diseases in females across the globe despite ongoing difficulties during its prevention and diagnostic stages and therapeutic cycles. Researchers have achieved major breakthroughs in cancer cell immunity during the last few years which resulted in the creation of new immunotherapeutic treatments. This article investigates how breast cancer triggers immune system molecular and biochemical responses through research of immune cells like T-lymphocytes and NK cells alongside macrophages while studying the effect of tumor microenvironment on these responses. The article examines how PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors function alongside monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T cell therapy as present-day immunotherapeutic methods. Although breast cancer belongs to the immunologic "cold" tumor group patients sometimes demonstrate beneficial reactions to new therapeutic methods. The clinical outcome and survival time for patients have been improved using combination treatments which link immunotherapy with standard treatments including chemotherapy and radiation. The implementation of immunotherapy requires resolving three main barriers that include autoimmune side effects and costly treatments and the issue of proper patient selection processes. The potential for future improvements in treatment results stems from genetic profiling with personalized immunotherapy combined with AI-based prediction systems. The article emphasizes the necessity of studying how immunotherapy treats different breast cancer subtypes specifically in Uzbekistan due to little published research in this area. The data shows why breast cancer treatment requires individualized treatment plans because they promote effective patient care and improved prognosis.

Understanding the Biochemical Basis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Clinical Chemistry Approach

2025-04-22T08:55:47+00:00

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. This study explores the biochemical underpinnings of AD through a clinical chemistry lens, focusing on the alterations in key biomolecules and metabolic pathways associated with the disease. We examine the roles of amyloid-beta peptides, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and oxidative stress in neuronal damage, alongside their implications for early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. By analyzing biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, we aim to enhance the understanding of disease mechanisms and improve diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, this approach highlights the potential of targeted therapies that address specific biochemical pathways, paving the way for more effective treatment strategies. Through a comprehensive review of current literature and ongoing research, this study seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding AD and its biochemical foundations, ultimately aiming to facilitate advancements in clinical practice and patient care.

The Effect of Myrtle Plant Extract Nanoemulsions on the Efficacy of Antibiotics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2025-05-01T03:35:33+00:00

The increase of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa germs has made it important to find new ways to make antibiotics work better. Plant-based compounds, especially tiny mixtures of active plant extracts, have shown good potential to fight germs. This study looks at how myrtle plant extract, made into tiny droplets, helps boost the antibacterial power of certain antibiotics against a bacteria called P. Aeruginosa is a type of bacteria. Myrtle extract was made into a tiny oil mixture using sound waves. The tiny oil droplets in the nanoemulsion were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis to understand their physical and chemical properties. We tested how well the antibacterial properties worked using two methods: agar well diffusion and broth microdilution. We did this both with and without antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) were used to check how well different substances work together. The myrtle nanoemulsion had an average particle size of about 85 nanometers with a zeta potential of -32 millivolts, showing that it is stable. The nanoemulsion showed some ability to kill bacteria against P. aeruginosa (area where growth is stopped: 11–14 mm). When used together with antibiotics, there was a big improvement in how well it fought germs. Notably, when paired with ciprofloxacin, the FICI was 0. 38, showing that they worked better together. The amounts of antibiotics needed to work were lowered by 2 to 4 times when the nanoemulsion was added. These results indicate that the nanoemulsion might break down bacterial membranes or help antibiotics get into bacteria better.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids Extracted from Anethum graveolens using GC-Mass and DPPH Assay

2025-05-01T07:23:22+00:00

The growing interest in natural compounds with medicinal potential has prompted researchers to explore the bioactive components of A. graveolens (Greater Celandine). The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of flavonoid extracts and the alcoholic extract of A. graveolens, in addition to determining the chemical composition of the alcoholic extract using GC-MS analysis. The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presence of a variety of chemical compounds in the alcoholic extract of A. graveolens, including alkanes, alcohols, organic acids, and silicon compounds. This chemical diversity indicates the possibility of biologically active compounds in the extract. The anti-oxidant activity study showed that both extracts (flavonoid and ethyl alcohol) have significant antioxidant activity, as their activity is similar to that of vitamin C, which is a well-known antioxidant. The A. graveolens alcoholic extract showed the highest percentage at the lowest concentration (200 μg/ml), which indicates that the antioxidant activity is higher at low concentrations. These results indicate that Nabat al-Shabat contains biologically active compounds with antioxidant properties. These compounds play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, which are associated with the development of many chronic diseases. These results encourage further research to determine the specific chemical compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity in the nightshade, and to evaluate its activity and safety in various applications.

Pre and Postoperative Management of Women in Obstetric and Gynecological Practice Using Mineral Water

2025-05-01T10:19:26+00:00

The success of surgical intervention depends not only on thorough examination, proper prescription of medications, and adherence to recommendations of related specialists, but also on the preparation of the gastrointestinal tract for the upcoming surgery. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical effectiveness and tolerability of the therapeutic-table mineral water "Chortoq" in women for preoperative preparation and postoperative management in both obstetric and gynecological practice. The use of "Chortoq" mineral water in women before and after surgical interventions demonstrated a positive effect on gastrointestinal function and also led to changes in blood electrolyte parameters. Its use contributes to a faster recovery and has a beneficial impact on the postoperative period. Therefore, it is recommended to include "Chortoq" therapeutic-table mineral water in both preoperative preparation and postoperative care.

Future Directions in Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry: Innovations, Digital Advancements, and Biomimetic Approaches

2025-05-03T04:21:22+00:00

Advancements in biomaterials, digital technology, and regenerative methods are resulting in a great transformation of restorative and aesthetic dentistry. Yet, the integration of biomimetic and AI based digital workflows as well as sustainability into clinical routines is not yet extensively explored. However, the article fills this gap by reviewing bioactive and nanotechnology enhanced materials, CAD/CAM, AI driven diagnostics and those that are regenerative such as stem cell therapies. The study synthesizes recent research and clinical advances to identify how modern materials increase mechanical strength, aesthetics and longevity while digital tools support precision of treatment and patient centered care. The findings indicate that biomimetic materials, minimally invasive approaches, and regenerative strategies, combined, can result in restorations that are functionally durable, visually natural and biologically compatible. This is the future where individualized therapies, sustainability and the industrial integration of restorative practice become the trends. Implications for a paradigm shift toward further more efficient and biocompatible, environmentally responsible dentistry, with potential improvement of patient outcomes and the establishment of a new Dental care standard in the worldwide.

Exploring the Dual Impact: Assessment of Glaucoma and Dry Eye Syndrome on Patient Outcomes

2025-05-03T12:06:57+00:00

The present study sought to explore the Dual Impact Assessment of Glaucoma and Dry Eye Syndrome on Patient Outcomes. A total of 180 patients from multiple hospitals across Iraq were included in the study, and demographic and baseline patient information was collected. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups over a one-year study period. In this study, a demographic questionnaire was created, including age, sex, height, weight, income, and comorbidities, which were crucial factors in distinguishing between the two groups. The severity of dry eye was categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. The standardized chart was utilized to assess best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), which was subsequently incorporated into the LogMAR score as an additional criterion. The results obtained in this study were as follows: The mean age of Group 1 was 65.1 years (± 7.9 years), and Group 2 was 66.5 years (± 8.3 years). Group 1 had a higher proportion of mild cases (44.4%), while Group 2 had more moderate and severe dry eye cases (18.9%), suggesting severe ocular discomfort. The condition, known as dry eye syndrome, has been shown to have a significant impact on tear production and overall ocular health. This impact can be evidenced by lower Schirmer test scores and shorter tear breakup times in patients diagnosed with glaucoma. This emphasises the necessity for regular assessment and concurrent management of the condition. Group 2 demonstrated lower retinal layer thickness values in both the retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT; 86.5 μm) and the ganglion cell complex-peripheral layer thickness (GCIPLT; 76.6 μm) in comparison to Group 1. Subsequent data demonstrates a gradual decline in adherence rates between the two groups. Thus necessitating interventions to maintain patient engagement and to monitor for early indications of non-adherence. It has been posited that both glaucoma and dry eye syndrome (DES) have dualistic repercussions on the patients' outcomes when it comes to integrated care. Therefore, healthcare practitioners ought to be cognisant of DES in patients with glaucoma in such cases for the purpose of improving adherence and quality of life.

A Structural and Crystalline Properties Analysis of Nanomaterials Using Electron Diffraction Techniques

2025-05-10T18:35:05+00:00

In this research, we present a fast and easy method for analyzing electron diffraction patterns of randomly selected areas (SAED) without the need to rotate or tilt the sample. The goal is to determine the crystalline phase and unit cell by combining the outcomes with software for X-ray diffraction (XRD). After determining the pattern's center, the two-dimensional (2D-SAED) pattern can be easily transformed into a one-dimensional (1D-profile) file if the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is calibrated correctly and the camera length is accurately adjusted. After precisely detecting the peaks or matching the file, this file is then input into XRD analysis tools, allowing phase identification and unit cell determination. The method was tested and validated using two nanomaterials: TiO₂ with a flaky structure and TiO₂ nanotubes deposited with silver nanoparticles. The method also demonstrated success in crystalline analysis of a single gold nanoparticle crystal, indicating its potential use in analyzing small-sized nanocrystals, although it may require using two or more tilted SAED patterns. If dependable integrated diffraction intensity can be derived, this method can be extended for quantitative phase analysis, structural determination, and enhancing Rietveld refinement models for nanomaterials.

Exploring Nurses’ competency in the care of Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Descriptive Study

2025-05-12T17:01:32+00:00

Ischemia is a condition in which the flow of blood and therefore, oxygen to a part of the body is restricted or decreased. Cardiac ischemia is the decreased flow of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle. The two patients have an important role through the management of interventions (pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic) by monitoring the patient's condition in terms of pulses, ECG, the patient's heart condition and monitoring the activities of these interventions. The study started from March 12, 2023, until April 29, 2023. A suitable sample was taken from 60 nurses in the current study. Samples are collected in the intensive care unit and the cardiac center. The current study's results indicated that most samples (88.33%) of the nurses had poor knowledge of heart disease. It was found that most of the nurses were females (53.3%), whose ages ranged between (20-28), and the highest percentage of nurses were graduates of the Institute of Nursing (46.7%), and the nurses lived in urban areas (80%) and those who did not Have experience in an open-heart unit and who have not been trained in cardiology (60%). Encouraging nurses to study about heart diseases to increase and update their knowledge by reading books or research or attending conferences or training courses outside Iraq to improve and develop knowledge regarding heart diseases.

Review of Pituitary Gland Dysfunction and Diseases

2025-05-07T11:35:09+00:00

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a vital approach for sustainable agriculture, aiming to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides by utilizing ecological methods for pest control. The sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris L.) is a major economic crop in Egypt, frequently infested by the beet fly, Pegomyia mixta Vill., which significantly affects yield. Despite the known impact of P. mixta, few studies have evaluated the effect of various cultivation dates and sugar beet varieties on infestation levels and associated yield losses under field conditions. This study aimed to assess the influence of planting dates and sugar beet varieties on P. mixta infestation rates and to quantify the resulting yield losses in the Kafr El-Sheikh region during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The results indicated that early planting on September 15 significantly reduced infestation levels and minimized yield loss compared to later dates. The variety Oscar Poly exhibited the lowest infestation rates and yield losses, followed by Kawemira and Sultan. The highest yield losses were recorded for the Sultan variety, especially with delayed planting. This study is the first to simultaneously evaluate the interaction between planting dates and sugar beet varieties on P. mixta infestation and crop loss in Egypt. The findings provide actionable insights for optimizing planting schedules and variety selection as part of integrated pest management strategies to improve sugar beet yield and reduce losses due to P. mixta.

Clinical Manifestation and Immunological Assays for H.Pylori Diagnosis

2025-05-07T12:30:58+00:00

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivation is a cornerstone of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, with significant cultural and economic importance. Specific Background: In Iraq, the date palm sector faces critical challenges due to traditional propagation methods and limited genetic diversity. Despite the known advantages of tissue culture for mass propagation and disease-free plant production, there is insufficient localized research on its effective implementation in Iraqi varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the role of tissue culture technology in the rapid propagation of elite date palm cultivars and its potential to support the recovery of Iraq’s date palm sector. The research demonstrated that tissue culture techniques, specifically somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, can produce uniform and healthy date palm plantlets, ensuring high propagation rates and genetic fidelity. Additionally, successful acclimatization rates were achieved, indicating the viability of large-scale production. This work provides the first systematic evaluation of tissue culture application for Iraqi date palm cultivars, addressing technical and operational constraints in local laboratories. The findings highlight the potential of biotechnology to revolutionize date palm propagation in Iraq, offering a sustainable solution for germplasm conservation, cultivar improvement, and re-establishment of Iraq’s leadership in date production.

Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Knowledge Regarding Chest Physiotherapy

2025-05-08T15:49:27+00:00

Chest physiotherapy is a critical interventional technique used in intensive care units to manage respiratory complications, improve lung function, and prevent potential respiratory-related complications in critically ill patients. Nurses play a vital role treating patients in the intensive care unit. Chest physiotherapy is often administered by nurses. as it requires nurses to have specialized knowledge and skills in chest percussion, vibration, deep breathing, postural drainage, and manually-assisted cough techniques. This study aims to assess nurses’ knowledge regarding chest physiotherapy at Kirkuk city Hospitals. A non-experimental cross-sectional design was utilized in this study from December 2024 to April 2025. A non-probability (purposive) sampling technique was used to collect data in the intensive care unit at Azadi Teaching Hospital and Kirkuk Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq. There were 77 nurses in the study. The researcher constructed a questionnaire form to gather data on nurses' knowledge of chest physiotherapy. The questionnaires were sent to a panel of ten experts in various fields to ensure the tool's validity, and they were modified according to with their recommendations. The study results were analyzed using statistical data analysis methods in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Frequencies, percentages, mean scores (MS), and standard deviation (SD) were used for descriptive data analysis. Inferential data analysis was also used to draw logical conclusions. Results show that a substantial portion of nurses are in the age group of 25-29 years old, and most of them are female. The nurse's knowledge of the “Chest Percussion and Vibration Technique" was mostly high level. About three quarters of nurses (71.43%) had assessed a high level concerning "Deep Breathing Technique.” Finding nurses' knowledge of "Manually Assisted Cough Technique," results showed that (57.14%) had assessed at a high level; also, "Postural Drainage," results showed that (57.14%) had assessed at a moderate level. Finally, the finding of the study shows that the nurses’ knowledge had a highly significant relationship with nurses’ experience in the intensive care unit. Most of the nurses possess a high level of knowledge regarding chest physiotherapy. And there is a highly significant relationship between nurses’ knowledge concerning chest physiotherapy and their experience in the intensive care unit.

Liver Enzymes' Influence on Hepatic Disorder Diagnosis

2025-05-10T01:45:48+00:00

In order to diagnose and treat liver diseases, liver enzymes are essential. These proteins, known by way of enzymes, aid in the liver's numerous metabolic processes. When liver cells are damaged, these enzymes are released into the bloodstream, which can be detected by blood tests. The levels of liver enzymes can assist reflect the extent of liver damage, the kind of liver disease, and how effectively the liver is functioning. The purpose of the review was to investigate the diagnostic value of Liver Enzymes' in Hepatic Disorder. A thorough analysis of the literature dealing with Liver Enzymes' assays, as well as their clinical effectiveness, sensitivity, specificity, and use in diverse patient populations was performed. The focus of the analysis is on the comparative studies, biomarker performance evaluation, and new diagnostic protocol development. Liver Enzymes' assays enhance the diagnosis of liver diseases by detecting liver enzymes at higher concentrations, which allows for timely intervention and risk stratification. Liver Enzymes' tests have showed considerable challenges like the degree of standardization of the assay. Because it permits more accurate and timely liver disorder notifications, the integration of liver enzymes assays into clinical practice aids in the accurate and timely detection of Liver Enzymes' injury.

An Experimental Study of Some Optical Properties of The Organic Semiconductor Molecule (Alq3)

2025-05-10T17:41:41+00:00

In this research, an experimental study was conducted to analyze the spectral effects of different concentrations of the organic semiconductor Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq₃), using UV-Vis absorbance measurements in the spectral range of (200–1100) nm. Three samples were prepared with concentrations of (0.01, 0.02, 0.03) mM and a set of main optical properties were analyzed, including the absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), optical extinction coefficient (k), real (ε₁) and imaginary (ε₂) dielectric constants, in addition to optical conductivity (σₒ).The results showed that increasing the concentration of Alq₃ leads to a significant improvement in photon absorption and intensification of the optical response, attributed to enhanced molecular packing and increased density of optically active centers. Additionally, distinct electronic transition peaks of the π*→π and n*→π kinds were detected, indicating the possibility of improving the material's optical qualities for use in organic optical devices including organic solar cells and light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This study emphasizes how crucial it is to regulate the material's concentration as a useful factor for precisely adjusting its electrical and spectral characteristics.

Prevention and Health Education Strategies for Hepatitis in Children: A Nursing Perspective’s

2025-05-14T07:00:02+00:00

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global cause of acute and chronic hepatitis, transmitted through body fluids and from mother to child during childbirth. Despite the availability of vaccines, HBV remains a public health concern in some regions due to its potential complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. This study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding HBV prevention and explore the relationship between these aspects and their demographic characteristics. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the pediatric wards of teaching hospitals in Najaf Governorate, including Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital, from September 9th, 2024, to February 2nd, 2025. A purposive sample of 99 pediatric nurses participated. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire in Arabic, comprising three parts: socio-demographic data (9 items), knowledge of HBV (22 items across 3 sections), and attitudes toward HBV (10 items). Results showed that nurses' knowledge of HBV and its clinical manifestations was generally poor, although understanding of transmission, diagnosis, and treatment was acceptable. Knowledge regarding prevention reflected a positive outlook. However, attitudes toward HBV infection and prevention were uncertain. Significant relationships were found between knowledge and demographic factors such as age and years of experience, as well as between attitudes and prior training. The study concluded that most participants were aged 21–26 and lacked prior education on HBV prevention. It recommends enhancing continuous education and training, particularly on HBV transmission, clinical signs, and treatment. Visual reminders such as posters near nurses' stations are also advised to reinforce awareness and preventive practices.