Nail Disease Detection and Classification Using Deep Learning

  • R. Regin Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
  • Gautham Reddy G Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
  • Sundar Kumar Ch Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
  • Jaideep CVN Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
Keywords: Human Nail, Deep Learning, CNN, Neural Networks, Preprocessing

Abstract

Many disorders are identified in the early stages of diagnosis by analyzing the human hand’s nails. The colour of a person’s nails can aid in diagnosing certain medical conditions. The suggested approach, in this situation, leads to illness diagnosis decision-making. Human nail art is used to feed the system. The technology analyses nail photos and extracts disease-specific nail characteristics. The human nail has numerous characteristics, and the suggested system detects illness by changing the colour of the nail. The initial training set data is extracted from an image of a patient’s nails with a certain condition and processed with the Weka tool. Nail To obtain the desired results, the image’s feature results are compared to the training dataset. Deformation of the nail unit is referred to as nail disease. Nail units have their sickness class because of their distinct indications, symptoms, causes, and consequences that may or may not be related to other medical illnesses. Nail problems are still unknown and difficult to diagnose. This study proposes a fresh deep learning system for identifying and categorizing nail disorders from photos. CNN models (CNN) are combined in this framework to extract features. This research was also contrasted with certain other province algorithms (Support vector, ANN, K - nearest neighbors, and RF) evaluated on datasets and showed positive results.

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115. Al-Shqairat, Z. I., Al Shraah, A. E. M., Abu-Rumman, A., “The role of critical success factors of knowledge stations in the development of local communities in Jordan: A managerial perspective,” Journal of management Information and Decision Sciences, vol. 23, no.5, pp. 510-526, Dec. 2020. DOI: 1532-5806-23-5-218
116. Abu-Rumman, Ayman. "Transformational leadership and human capital within the disruptive business environment of academia." World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues 13, no. 2 (2021): 178-187.
117. Almomani, Reham Zuhier Qasim, Lina Hamdan Mahmoud Al-Abbadi, Amani Rajab Abed Alhaleem Abu Rumman, Ayman Abu-Rumman, and Khaled Banyhamdan. "Organizational Memory, Knowledge Management, Marketing Innovation and Cost of Quality: Empirical Effects from Construction Industry in Jordan." Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 25, no. 3 (2019): 1528-2686.
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119. Abu-Rumman, Ayman. "Gaining competitive advantage through intellectual capital and knowledge management: an exploration of inhibitors and enablers in Jordanian Universities." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 3 (2018): 259-268.
120. Abu-Rumman, A. Al Shraah, F. Al-Madi, T. Alfalah, “Entrepreneurial networks, entrepreneurial orientation, and performance of small and medium enterprises: are dynamic capabilities the missing link?” Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Vol 10 Issue 29, pp 1-16. Jul 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00170-8
121. A.Al Shraah, A. Abu-Rumman, F. Al Madi, F.A. Alhammad, A.A. AlJboor, “The impact of quality management practices on knowledge management processes: a study of a social security corporation in Jordan” The TQM Journal. Vol. ahead-of-print No. Issue ahead-of- print. Apr 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-08-2020-0183
122. Abu-Rumman, A. Al Shraah, F. Al-Madi, T. Alfalah, "The impact of quality framework application on patients’ satisfaction", International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, Vol. ahead-of-print No. Issue ahead-of- print. Jun2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-01-2021-0006.
123. Zafar, S.Z., Zhilin, Q., Malik, H., Abu-Rumman, A., Al Shraah, A., Al-Madi, F. and Alfalah, T.F. (2021), "Spatial spillover effects of technological innovation on total factor energy efficiency: taking government environment regulations into account for three continents", Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 27 No. 6, pp. 1874-1891. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2020-0550
124. Ishaq, A., Sadiq, S., Umer, M., Ullah, S., Mirjalili, S., Rupapara, V., & Nappi, M. (2021). Improving the Prediction of Heart Failure Patients’ Survival Using SMOTE and Effective Data Mining Techniques. IEEE Access, 9, 39707–39716. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3064084
125. Rustam, F., Khalid, M., Aslam, W., Rupapara, V., Mehmood, A., & Choi, G. S. (2021). A performance comparison of supervised machine learning models for Covid-19 tweets sentiment analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(2), e0245909. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245909
126. Yousaf, A., Umer, M., Sadiq, S., Ullah, S., Mirjalili, S., Rupapara, V., & Nappi, M. (2021b). Emotion Recognition by Textual Tweets Classification Using Voting Classifier (LR-SGD). IEEE Access, 9, 6286–6295. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3047831
127. Sadiq, S., Umer, M., Ullah, S., Mirjalili, S., Rupapara, V., & NAPPI, M. (2021). Discrepancy detection between actual user reviews and numeric ratings of Google App store using deep learning. Expert Systems with Applications, 115111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115111
128. Rupapara, V., Rustam, F., Shahzad, H. F., Mehmood, A., Ashraf, I., & Choi, G. S. (2021). Impact of SMOTE on Imbalanced Text Features for Toxic Comments Classification using RVVC Model. IEEE Access, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3083638
129. Rupapara, V., Narra, M., Gunda, N. K., Gandhi, S., & Thipparthy, K. R. (2021). Maintaining social distancing in pandemic using smartphones with acoustic waves. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcss.2021.3092942
130. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, “On Parametric Generalization of ‘Useful’ R- norm Information Measure” British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science, Vol. 8(1), pp. 1-15, 2015.
131. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, “A Generalized Measure of ‘Useful R-norm Information”, International Journal of Engineering Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Vol 3(5), pp.1-11, 2014.
132. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, “Bounds on Cost Measures in terms of ‘Useful’ R-norm Information Measures” Direct Research Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, Vol.2 (2), pp.11-17, 2014.
133. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Lower and Upper Bounds Inequality of a Generalized ‘Useful’ Mean Code Length” GAMS Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 4(1), pp.62-69, 2013.
134. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, ‘Useful’ R-Norm Information Measure and its Properties” IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vol. 8, pp. 52-57, 2013.
135. D.S. Hooda, Sonali Saxena and D.K. Sharma, “A Generalized R-Norm Entropy and Coding Theorem” International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Applications, Vol.5(2), pp.385-393, 2011.
136. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Bounds on Two Generalized Cost Measures” Journal of Combinatorics, Information & System Sciences, Vol. 35(3-4), pp. 513-530, 2010.
137. D.K. Sharma and D.S. Hooda, “Generalized Measures of ‘Useful’ Relative Information and Inequalities” Journal of Engineering, Management & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.1(1), pp.15-21, 2010.
138. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma (2010) “Exponential Survival Entropies and Their Properties” Advances in Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Vol. 20, pp. 265-279, 2010.
139. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Generalized ‘Useful’ Information Generating Functions” Journal of Appl. Math. and Informatics, Vol. 27( 3-4), pp. 591-601, 2009.
140. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, “Non-additive Generalized Measures of ‘Useful’ Inaccuracy” Journal of Rajasthan Academy of Physical Sciences, Vol. 7(3), pp.359-368, 2008.
141. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, Generalized R-Norm information Measures-Journal of Appl. Math, Statistics & informatics (JAMSI), Vol. 4 No.2 , 153-168, 2008.
142. Dilip Kumar Sharma, “Some Generalized Information Measures: Their characterization and Applications”, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2010. ISBN: 978-3838386041.
143. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, R. Regin, R. Steffi and M. K. Chakravarthi, "Efficient Classification for Neural Machines Interpretations based on Mathematical models," 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 2015-2020, doi: 10.1109/ICACCS51430.2021.9441718.
144. F. Arslan, B. Singh, D. K. Sharma, R. Regin, R. Steffi and S. Suman Rajest, "Optimization Technique Approach to Resolve Food Sustainability Problems," 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 25-30.
145. G. A. Ogunmola, B. Singh, D. K. Sharma, R. Regin, S. S. Rajest and N. Singh, "Involvement of Distance Measure in Assessing and Resolving Efficiency Environmental Obstacles," 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 13-18.
146. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, M. Raja, R. Regin and S. S. Rajest, "An Efficient Python Approach for Simulation of Poisson Distribution," 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 2011-2014.
147. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, E. Herman, R. Regine, S. S. Rajest and V. P. Mishra, "Maximum Information Measure Policies in Reinforcement Learning with Deep Energy-Based Model," 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 19-24, doi: 10.1109/ICCIKE51210.2021.9410756.
148. D. K. Sharma, N. A. Jalil, R. Regin, S. S. Rajest, R. K. Tummala and T. N, "Predicting Network Congestion with Machine Learning," 2021 2nd International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), 2021, pp. 1574-1579.
149. S. Kamal, D. Rahman and D. Singh, "Covid-19 Related Factors Associated with Antenatal Care in Rural Bangladesh: A qualitative study", Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, vol. 17, no. 1, 2022.
150. S. Joghee, A. Dubey and S. Singh, "Investigation of green marketing practices of UAE hypermarkets", International Journal of Enterprise Network Management, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 367, 2021.
151. S. Singh, S. Mondal, L. Singh, K. Sahoo and S. Das, "An Empirical Evidence Study of Consumer Perception and Socioeconomic Profiles for Digital Stores in Vietnam", Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 1716, 2020.
152. Desfiandi, S. Suman Rajest, P. S. Venkateswaran, M. Palani Kumar and S. Singh, "Company Credibility: A Tool To Trigger Positive Csr Image In The Cause-Brand Alliance Context In Indonesia", Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 320-331, 2019.
153. Singh, V. Shukla and S. Singh, "An Empirical Study of Shift from SMS to Chat-App among University Student", International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 64, pp. 1-6, 2019.
154. S. Singh and S. Das, "Impact of post-merger and acquisition activities on the financial performance of banks: a study of Indian private sector and public sector banks", Revista Espacios, vol. 39, no. 25, pp. 25-40, 2018.
155. A. Raja and S. Singh, "Event Study on Appointment and Removal of Chairman: Case of Tata Group", Amity Business Review, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018.
156. S. Singh and S. Kukunuru, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact on Profitability of Banks in the United Arab Emirates", Middle East Journal of Business, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2017.
157. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “An Analysis of Chetan Bhagat’s Revolution -2020: Love, Ambition, Corruption” in International Journal of English Language, Literature in Humanities, Volume: V, Issue IX, September 2017, Page No.: 52-62.
158. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Galapagos: Is Human Accomplishment Worthwhile” in Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Volume: VII, Special Issue II, September 2017, Page No.: 307-314.
159. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The white Tiger by Aravind Adiga: Depiction of Fermentation in Society” in International Journal of Information Movement, Volume: II, Special Issue VI, October 2017, Page No.: 189-194.
160. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Confrontation on Modernism or Postmodernism Changes after the World War” in New Academia: An International Journal of English Language, Literature and Literary Theory, Volume: VII, Special Issue I, January 2018, Page No.: 50-76.
161. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The Post-War Novel as Catch-22: The Chronology and Ex-P.F.C Winter Green” in International Journal of Research Culture Society, Volume: II, Special Issue II, February 2018, Page No.: 64-68.
162. S. Suman Rajest; Anbarasi, “The Postwar Novel as Postmodern: Billy Pilgrim’s Imagination and the Critical Tendency towards Teleology, Slaughterhouse – Five”, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp.37-41 (2017).
163. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Necessary Heads Which are Used for Writing a Scholarly Journal” in New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Volume: V, Issue III, March 2018, Page No.: 5-21.
164. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Impact of 21st century’s different heads of learning skills for students and teachers” in International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Volume: V, Issue IV, April 2018, Page No.: 170-178.
165. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “21st Century Learners’ Student-Centered Learning Various Stages” in International Conference, Age and Content in Journey of Language by VISTAS (Tamil Department), Volume: I, Issue I, April 2018, Page No.: 474-492. (International Conference Paper)
166. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “American Postmodern Novelist Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49: Structure and Absurd Realism” in Proceedings of the IOSRD, 73rd International Conference on Future Trends in Engineering and Business, Volume: 73, May 2018, Page No.: 32-41.
167. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The “Four Cs” Education For 21st Century’s Learners” in Research Guru Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume: XII, Issue I, June 2018, Page No.: 888-900.
168. Jerusha Angelene Christabel G, Suman Rajest S, “A Short Review on Fragmented Narration in Select Works of Sarnath Banerjee”, American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 12-31, (2022).
169. Rajest, D. S. S., & G, J. A. C. (2022). A Brief on Past and Present a Tug of War in the Select Works of Kurt Vonnegut. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy And Culture, 3(4), 59-79.
170. G, J. A. C., & Rajest, D. S. (2022). Fragmented Narration in Corridor’s Thematic, Language and Imagery. Central Asian Journal Of Arts And Design, 3(4), 15-37.
171. Steffi. R, D.K. Sharma, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, A. J. Obaid, and G. Jerusha Angelene Christabel, “Perceptron in Supervised, Semi-Supervised, Unsupervised Learning and Artificial Neural Network”, CAJOTAS, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 176-199, May 2022.
172. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The Problematizing of History Concentrated on The Poetics of Historiographic Metafiction by Postmodernism and How It Influences Postmodern Fiction” in International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IJPAM), Volume: 119, Special Issue 16, July 2018, Page No.: 2457-2469.
173. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Themes and Techniques from Modernism to Postmodernism: The Dubious Continuance of Gravity’s Rainbow” in International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume: 119, Special Issue 16, July 2018, Page No.: 2373-2384.
174. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “Absurd Realism and Structure in Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49” in Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Volume: 10, Special Issue 11, August 2018, Page No.: 571-580.
175. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The Deducible Teachings Of Historiographic Metafiction Of Modern Theories Of Both Fiction And History” in Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Volume: 13, Special Issue 04, July 2018, Page No.: 110-117.
176. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “The Dialog on Postmodernism Intertextuality, Parody, The Talk of History and The Issue of Reference” in International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, Volume-7, Issue-5C, February 2019, Page No.: 244-7.
177. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, “An Analysis of Psychological Aspects in Student-Centered Learning Activities and Different Methods” in Journal of International Pharmaceutical Research, Volume: 46, Special Issue 01, March 2019, Page No.: 165-172.
178. Md. Salamun Rashidin, Sara Javed, Bin Liu, Wang Jian, Suman Rajest S, “Insights: Rivals Collaboration on Belt and Road Initiatives and Indian Recourses” in Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Volume: 11, Special Issue 04, 2019, Page No.: 1509-1522.
179. K.B. Adanov, S. Suman Rajest, Mustagaliyeva Gulnara, Khairzhanova Akhmaral (2019), “A Short View on the Backdrop of American’s Literature”. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 182-192.
180. D Datta, S Mishra, SS Rajest, (2020) “Quantification of tolerance limits of engineering system using uncertainty modeling for sustainable energy” International Journal of Intelligent Networks, Vol.1, 2020, pp.1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2020.05.006
181. Leo Willyanto Santoso, Bhopendra Singh, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, Karrar Hameed Kadhim (2021), “A Genetic Programming Approach to Binary Classification Problem” EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy, Vol.8, no. 31, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.165523
182. S. Singh and S. Agarwal, "Analyzing the Medical and Non-Medical Aspects of Medical Consultation in the City of Visakhapatnam", World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 12-19, 2015.
183. S. Agarwal and S. Singh, "Customer Progression and Perception about Premium Men's Apparel Brands : A Case of Indian Male Professionals", Middle East Journal of Business, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 50-56, 2015.
184. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Object-Based Image Retrieval Using Enhanced SURF. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 15: 2756-2762. 10.36478/ajit.2016.2756.2762.
185. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Discovering similar user navigation behavior in Web log data. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 11, No. 16: 8797-8805.
186. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Object Detection and Recognition by Using Enhanced Speeded Up Robust Feature, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security (IJCSNS), Vol. 16, No. 4: 66-71.
187. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. An efficient web usage mining algorithm based on log file data, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 16, Vol. 92, No. 2: 215-224.
188. Tawfiq A. Al-asadi, Ahmed J. Obaid, Rahmat Hidayat, Ts. Azizul Azhar Ramli, 2017. A Survey on Web Mining Techniques and Applications, International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4: 1178-1184.
189. Tawfiq A. Al-Asadi, Ahmed J. Obaid, Ahmed A. Alkhayat, 2017. Proposed Method for Web Pages Clustering Using Latent Semantic Analysis, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol. 12, No. 8: 8270-8277.
190. Nora Omran Alkaam, Ahmed J. Obaid, Mohammed Q. Mohammed, 2018. A Hybrid Technique for Object Detection and Recognition Using Local Features Algorithms, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2: 2330-2344.
191. K. Balachander, S. Ramesh, Ahmed J. Obaid, 2018. Simulation Of 1KW Multi-Level Switch Mode Power Amplifier, International Journal of Innovations in Scientific and Engineering Research (IJISER), Vol. 5, No. 9: 85-92.
192. Saba Alyasiri, Ahmed J. Obaid, 2018. A New Approach for Object Detection, Recognition and Retrieving in Painting Images, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2: 2345-2359.
193. Ahmed J. Obaid, 2020. An Efficient Systematized Approach for The Detection of Cancer in Kidney, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No. 1: 1-7.
194. Obaid A. J. and Sharma S. 2020 Recent Trends and Development of Heuristic Artificial Intelligence Approach in Mechanical System and Engineering Product Design Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology 5 86-93
195. Manaa, Mehdi Ebady; Obaid, Ahmed J; Dosh, Mohammed Hussein, 2021. Unsupervised Approach for Email Spam Filtering using Data Mining, EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web, DOI: 10.4108/eai.9-3-2021.168962.
196. Azmi Shawkat Abdulbaqi, Ahmed J. Obaid & Alyaa Hashem Mohammed (2021) ECG signals recruitment to implement a new technique for medical image encryption, Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, 24:6, 1663-1673, DOI: 10.1080/09720529.2021.1884378
197. Obaid A.J., Sharma S. (2021) Data-Mining Based Novel Neural-Networks-Hierarchical Attention Structures for Obtaining an Optimal Efficiency. In: Favorskaya M.N., Peng SL., Simic M., Alhadidi B., Pal S. (eds) Intelligent Computing Paradigm and Cutting-edge Technologies. ICICCT 2020. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65407-8_36
198. Das A., Ghosh A., Sahana S., Singh D., Obaid A.J. (2021) An Approach to Self-reliant Smart Road Using Piezoelectric Effect and Sensor Nodes. In: Favorskaya M.N., Peng SL., Simic M., Alhadidi B., Pal S. (eds) Intelligent Computing Paradigm and Cutting-edge Technologies. ICICCT 2020. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65407-8_3
199. Ebrahimi M., Obaid A.J., Yeganegi K. (2021) Protecting Cloud Data Privacy Against Attacks. In: Favorskaya M.N., Peng SL., Simic M., Alhadidi B., Pal S. (eds) Intelligent Computing Paradigm and Cutting-edge Technologies. ICICCT 2020. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65407-8_37
Published
2022-05-30
How to Cite
Regin, R., G , G. R., Ch , S. K., & CVN, J. (2022). Nail Disease Detection and Classification Using Deep Learning. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 55-73. https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.vi0.779