Review of Pituitary Gland Dysfunction and Diseases

Duaa Hamad  Hamza

doi:10.17605/cajmns.v6i3.2801

Duaa Hamad Hamza Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v6i3.2801

Keywords: Pituitary Gland, Anterior Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary, Pituitary Hormones, Pituitary Disorders

Abstract

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a vital approach for sustainable agriculture, aiming to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides by utilizing ecological methods for pest control. The sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris L.) is a major economic crop in Egypt, frequently infested by the beet fly, Pegomyia mixta Vill., which significantly affects yield. Despite the known impact of P. mixta, few studies have evaluated the effect of various cultivation dates and sugar beet varieties on infestation levels and associated yield losses under field conditions. This study aimed to assess the influence of planting dates and sugar beet varieties on P. mixta infestation rates and to quantify the resulting yield losses in the Kafr El-Sheikh region during the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The results indicated that early planting on September 15 significantly reduced infestation levels and minimized yield loss compared to later dates. The variety Oscar Poly exhibited the lowest infestation rates and yield losses, followed by Kawemira and Sultan. The highest yield losses were recorded for the Sultan variety, especially with delayed planting. This study is the first to simultaneously evaluate the interaction between planting dates and sugar beet varieties on P. mixta infestation and crop loss in Egypt. The findings provide actionable insights for optimizing planting schedules and variety selection as part of integrated pest management strategies to improve sugar beet yield and reduce losses due to P. mixta.

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