The Hookah Smoking Increase The Infection of Many Pathogenic Bacteria
Abstract
Hookah smoking, commonly known as shisha, water pipe, or arghile, has gained global popularity, particularly among younger populations. Despite its social appeal and perceived safety, hookah smoking exposes users to a complex mixture of harmful substances including nicotine, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and heavy metals. These toxicants not only damage the respiratory tract but also create favorable conditions for microbial colonization and infection. This narrative review summarizes findings from various studies highlighting the link between hookah smoking and increased risk of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Tobacco smoke has been shown to alter the host's immune responses, promote pathogenic bacterial growth in the oral and respiratory tracts, and contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, case reports have demonstrated histopathological changes in the lungs associated with hookah use, characterized by granulomatous inflammation and vascular involvement. Shared use of hookah devices further elevates the risk of disease transmission, including respiratory viruses like COVID-19. The microbial contamination of hookah apparatuses, coupled with poor ventilation in social settings, amplifies the potential for infectious outbreaks. Furthermore, hookah smoking has been implicated in the proliferation of opportunistic fungal infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The findings highlight the urgent need for public health interventions, increased awareness, and further research into the infectious risks posed by hookah smoking.
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