The Relation of The Diabetes and Periodontal Diseases

Amina Sabah  Hashem; Nabra F.  Salih

doi:10.17605/cajmns.v6i3.2776

Amina Sabah Hashem Physics Department, College of Science, Thi-Qar University, Iraq
Nabra F. Salih Department of Conservative dentistry,College of Dentistry ,University of Thi Qar, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v6i3.2776

Keywords: Periodontal Disease, Diabetes, Pathologic Mechanisms

Abstract

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are prevalent chronic conditions with significant public health implications. Emerging research suggests a bidirectional relationship between the two, where diabetes exacerbates periodontal inflammation and vice versa. Clinical and microbiological evidence indicates that individuals with diabetes have increased susceptibility to periodontitis, and periodontal inflammation can impair glycaemic control. Despite the extensive body of literature, inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria, population heterogeneity, and evolving methods of glycaemic assessment complicate direct comparisons and hinder comprehensive understanding. This study aims to evaluate the interrelation between diabetes and periodontal diseases by synthesizing existing clinical, pathological, and microbiological findings to clarify the underlying mechanisms and the potential for therapeutic intervention. The review confirms that hyperglycemia leads to prolonged inflammatory responses, impaired healing, and altered immune function, which contribute to periodontal tissue destruction. Periodontal therapy, particularly non-surgical interventions, has been associated with modest but clinically meaningful improvements in HbA1c levels. Differences in oral microbiota, including elevated levels of P. gingivalis in diabetic individuals, further support a microbiological link. The synthesis emphasizes the reciprocal influence of both diseases, highlighting the role of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1, and MMPs, and identifies the potential of periodontal care as an adjunctive strategy in diabetes management. These findings support integrating periodontal assessment and treatment into comprehensive diabetes care, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration to mitigate the impact of both conditions and improve patient outcomes.

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