Comprehensive Study on Gynecomastia: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Morphologic, and Microscopic Features

Ahmed Nassir  Faisal; Osama A.  Mohsein

doi:10.17605/cajmns.v6i2.2758

Ahmed Nassir Faisal Dept. of Pathological Analysis Department, College of Science, University of Thi-Qar, Iraq,
Osama A. Mohsein Thi-Qar Health Directorate, Al Habbobi Teaching Hospital, Thi-Qar, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v6i2.2758

Keywords: Gynecomastia, Hormonal Imbalance, Pathophysiology, Morphology, Microscopic Features, Male Breast Enlargement

Abstract

Gynecomastia, a common benign enlargement of male breast tissue, results from an imbalance between estrogen and androgen levels. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical features, pathophysiology, morphological, and microscopic characteristics of gynecomastia. Clinically, the condition manifests as unilateral or bilateral breast enlargement, often accompanied by tenderness. The pathophysiological mechanisms involve hormonal fluctuations due to puberty, aging, medication use, liver or kidney dysfunction, and endocrine disorders. Morphologically, gynecomastia is characterized by fibroglandular tissue proliferation, with varying degrees of stromal and ductal changes. Microscopic examination reveals ductal hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and chronic inflammatory infiltration, distinguishing it from other breast pathologies. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical assessment, supplemented by imaging and histopathological evaluation when necessary. Treatment options range from observation in transient cases to medical therapy or surgical intervention in persistent or severe cases. The study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis to prevent unnecessary interventions and improve patient outcomes. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to explore novel therapeutic approaches and the psychological impact of gynecomastia on affected individuals. Understanding the clinical, morphological, and microscopic features of gynecomastia enhances diagnostic accuracy and guides appropriate management strategies, ensuring better patient care.

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