Fungal Nail Infection

Noor  Myasar Sadeq

doi:10.17605/cajmns.v6i2.2753

Noor Myasar Sadeq Department of Environmental Science, college Environmental Sciences, University of Mosul-Iraq.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v6i2.2753

Keywords: Onychomycosis, Trichophyton spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp

Abstract

Yeast, mold, and fungus are the usual causes of fungal nail infections. The frequency of onychomycosis tends to differ around the world due of numerous Socioeconomic and cultural aspects. Age roles, smoking, wear artificial nails, Obesity, Weakened immune system, Diabetes, Public swimming pool as well as hereditary disposition all contribute to the various ways that onychomycosis manifests in certain places, including as Trichophyton spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp, Candida spp and yeasts. The impact of genetic and environmental variables on the development of fungal nail infections is covered in this review of the literature and The causes and symptoms of fungal infections of the fingers were also studied.

References

Maskan Bermudez N, Rodríguez-Tamez G, Perez S, Tosti, A. Onychomycosis: Old and New. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9050559

Adams C, Athanasoula E, Lee W, Mahmudova N, Vlahovic TC. Environmental and Genetic Factors on the Development of Onychomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2015 Aug 31;1(2):211-216. doi: 10.3390/jof1020211. PMID: 29376909; PMCID: PMC5753111.

Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF, Hon KL, Barankin B, Leung AAM, Wong AHC. Onychomycosis: An Updated Review. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2020;14(1):32-45. doi: 10.2174/1872213X13666191026090713. PMID: 31738146; PMCID: PMC7509699.

Bodman MA, Syed HA, Krishnamurthy K. Onychomycosis. [Updated 2024 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441853/

Ghannoum M, Isham N .Fungal Nail Infections (Onychomycosis): A Never-Ending Story?. PLOS Pathogens (2014) 10(6): e1004105 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105.

Fanosh M, Eljamay S , Elzer A, Alkirbal H .The Relationship Between Type and Position of Fungal Infection with Age and Gender. Indonesian Journal of Innovation and Applied Sciences (IJIAS) (2024). 4. 12-18. 10.47540/ijias.v4i1.1251.

Elewski BE, Tosti A. Risk Factors and Comorbidities for Onychomycosis: Implications for Treatment with Topical Therapy. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2015 Nov;8(11):38-42. PMID: 26705439; PMCID: PMC4689496.

Pourbaix A, Lafont Rapnouil B, Guéry R, Lanternier F, Lortholary O, Cohen JF. Smoking as a Risk Factor of Invasive Fungal Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 14;71(4):1106-1119. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa001. PMID: 31900476.

White J. Jewelry and Artificial Fingernails in the Health Care Environment: Infection Risk or Urban Legend?. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. (2013) 35. 61–67. 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2013.03.003.

Rabaan AA, Alfaraj AH, Alshengeti A, Alawfi A, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Al-Najjar AH, Al Fares MA, Najim MA, Almuthree SA, AlShurbaji ST, Alofi FS, AlShehail BM, AlYuosof B, Alynbiawi A, Alzayer SA, Al Kaabi N, Abduljabbar WA, Bukhary ZA, Bueid AS. Antibodies to Combat Fungal Infections: Development. Strategies and Progress. Microorganisms. 2023 Mar 6;11(3):671. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030671. PMID: 36985244; PMCID: PMC10051215.

Lima AL, Illing T, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Cutaneous Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2017;18:541–553. doi: 10.1007/s40257-017-0275-z.

Molina-Hernandez AL, Ramírez-Marín HA, Bonifaz A, Dominguez-Cherit JG. Onychomycosis in patients with diabetes mellitus: Etiology, clinical features, and treatment response. Our Dermatol. Online. 2021;12:359–366. doi: 10.7241/ourd.20214.3.

Trovato L, Calvo M, De Pasquale R, Scalia G, Oliveri S. Prevalence of Onychomycosis in Diabetic Patients: A Case-Control Study Performed at University Hospital Policlinico in Catania. J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Aug 30;8(9):922. doi: 10.3390/jof8090922. PMID: 36135647; PMCID: PMC9500927.

Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M. Candida sp. Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J. Clin. Med. 2019;8:76. doi: 10.3390/jcm8010076

Hoseinzadeh E, Mohammady F, Shokouhi R, Ghiasian SA, Roshanaie G, Toolabi A, et al. Evaluation of biological and physico-chemical quality of public swimming pools, Hamadan (Iran). Int J Environ Health Eng. 2013;2(1):21.

Rafiei A, Amirrajab N. Fungal contamination of indoor public swimming pools, Ahwaz, south-west of Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2010;39(3):124.

Sarmadian H, Hazbavi Y, Didehdar M. et al. Fungal and parasitic contamination of indoor public swimming pools in Arak, Iran. J. Egypt. Public. Health. Assoc. 95, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-020-0036-3

Mikaeili A, Rezaei M. Dermatophytic species isolated in wrestling gyms and swimming pools of Kremanshah, Iran. Med Lab J. 2008;2(1):37–40.

Veltman JA, Brunner HG. De novo mutations in human genetic disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:565–75.

Cunha C, Aversa F, Romani L, Carvalho A. Human genetic susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:e1003434.

Yazdi M, Behnaminia N, Nafari A, Sepahvand A. Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections. Adv Biomed Res. 2023 Nov 29;12:248. doi: 10.4103/abr.abr_259_22. PMID: 38192892; PMCID: PMC10772798.

Zhou P, Xie Y, Yan Z et al. Association between dectin-1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and fungal infection: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(11).

Gupta AK, Simpson FC, Brintnell WC. Do genetic mutations and genotypes contribute to onychomycosis? Dermatology. 2014;228:207–210. doi: 10.1159/000358586.

Yousefian F, Smythe C, Han H, Elewski BE, Nestor M. Treatment Options for Onychomycosis: Efficacy, Side Effects, Adherence, Financial Considerations, and Ethics. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2024 Mar;17(3):24-33. PMID: 38495549; PMCID: PMC10941855