The Biochemical and Immunological Landscape of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) are a group of persistent conditions characterized by dysregulated immune responses and prolonged inflammation, contributing to tissue damage and systemic complications. These diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disrupt tissue homeostasis through complex biochemical and immunological mechanisms. Key inflammatory mediators such as cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) and chemokines play crucial roles in sustaining the inflammatory state, leading to immune cell infiltration, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. Additionally, chronic inflammation is closely linked to alterations in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and the gut microbiome, further exacerbating disease progression. Immunologically, a persistent imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses leads to aberrant immune activation, autoimmunity, and fibrosis. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β play a crucial role in modulating immune tolerance and preventing excessive tissue damage. However, their dysfunction in CIDs contributes to chronic inflammation and impaired tissue repair. Advances in molecular diagnostics and biomarker identification, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and specific autoantibodies, have enhanced early disease detection and prognosis. Understanding the biochemical and immunological landscape of CIDs provides valuable insights into therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring tissue homeostasis. Emerging treatments, such as biologics targeting inflammatory cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and personalized medicine approaches, offer promising strategies for managing CIDs. This review explores the intricate biochemical and immunological pathways underlying chronic inflammation and highlights potential therapeutic targets to restore balance and improve patient outcomes.
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