Clinical Biochemistry of Diabetes Mellitus: Biomarkers for Early Detection and Disease Progression
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, action, or both. Early diagnosis and effective disease monitoring are crucial for preventing complications such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Clinical biochemistry plays a vital role in identifying biomarkers that aid in the early detection and progression assessment of DM. Key biomarkers for diabetes diagnosis include fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial glucose (PPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which reflect long-term glycemic control. Insulin and C-peptide levels provide insights into pancreatic β-cell function, while homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) indices help evaluate insulin resistance and sensitivity. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), indicate cellular damage caused by chronic hyperglycemia. Inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are also associated with diabetes complications. Emerging biomarkers, including adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and microRNAs, provide deeper insights into disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. Continuous monitoring of these biomarkers enables personalized treatment approaches, improving patient outcomes. This review highlights the significance of biochemical markers in diabetes management, emphasizing their role in early detection, monitoring, and risk assessment of complications. Advancements in biomarker research hold promise for precision medicine strategies, offering better disease control and reducing the global burden of diabetes.
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