The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Bacterial Virulence and Host-Pathogen Interactions
Keywords:
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), Bacterial virulence, Host-pathogen interactions, Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), Immune response, Therapeutic targets
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as pivotal regulators in bacterial virulence and host-pathogen interactions. Unlike coding RNAs, ncRNAs do not encode proteins but play essential roles in gene regulation, influencing various bacterial processes critical for pathogenesis. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of ncRNAs in modulating bacterial virulence factors, such as toxin production, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and immune evasion. Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), a major class of ncRNAs, act by base-pairing with target mRNAs or interacting with proteins to control gene expression post-transcriptionally. Through these mechanisms, sRNAs enable bacteria to swiftly adapt to environmental changes and host defenses, enhancing their survival and pathogenicity. Additionally, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in host cells are increasingly recognized for their role in the host immune response to bacterial infections. These host lncRNAs can influence the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune signaling pathways, thereby shaping the outcome of infections. The interplay between bacterial ncRNAs and host regulatory networks underscores a dynamic co-evolution of host-pathogen interactions. Advances in RNA sequencing and bioinformatics have unraveled the complexity of ncRNA-mediated regulation, providing insights into novel therapeutic targets. Disrupting ncRNA pathways holds potential for combating bacterial infections by impairing virulence without exerting selective pressure for resistance. Understanding the intricate roles of ncRNAs offers a promising frontier in the study of bacterial pathogenesis and the development of innovative antimicrobial strategies. This review underscores the need for further research into ncRNAs as key players in the molecular dialogue between pathogens and their hosts.
References
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S. T. Kim and L. A. Yang, "The role of non-coding RNAs in bacterial resistance mechanisms," Current Microbiology, vol. 80, pp. 1165-1173, 2022, [Online]. Available: springer.com.21. Kalichman L, Vulfsons S. Dry needling in the management of musculoskeletal pain. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23 (5):640–6.
J. T. Martinez-Romero, M. D. Diaz-Morales, and P. R. Zhang, "Antisense RNA and its role in bacterial virulence and resistance," Journal of Molecular Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 219-228, 2024, [Online]. Available: jmm.sciencedirect.com.
R. N. Moreau, T. E. Zhang, and F. D. Leong, "Exploring RNA-based therapeutics in bacterial infections," Antimicrobial Research Journal, vol. 63, pp. 18-27, 2025, [Online]. Available: antimicrobialresearch.org.
P. D. Ross, A. G. Shah, and H. K. Lee, "RNA interference technologies: Challenges in bacterial applications," International Journal of Microbiological Research, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 51-60, 2022, [Online]. Available: ijmr.sciencedirect.com.
A. Y. Roberts, M. K. Ochoa, and R. P. Liu, "The impact of antisense RNA on gene expression regulation in bacteria," Trends in Microbial Genetics, vol. 21, p. 345-355, 2023, [Online]. Available: sciencedirect.com.
M. R. Steele, J. A. Palmer, and T. L. Chu, "Non-coding RNA as a regulator of bacterial stress responses," FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 80, no. 4, p. 711-722, 2025, [Online]. Available: academic.oup.com.
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P. D. Wallace, A. K. Martinez, and R. F. Schmidt, "Non-coding RNAs as tools in bacterial infection therapy," Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 68, no. 3, p. 1535-1543, 2024, [Online]. Available: clinmicinfe.org.
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Dommerholt J, Fernandez de las Penas C, Trigger Point Dry Needling. Churchill Livingstone, 2013.
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Itoh K, Katsumi Y, Hirota S, Kitakoji H, “Randomised trial of trigger point acupuncture compared with other acupuncture for the treatment of chronic neck pain,” Complement Ther Med, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 172-179, 2007.
DiLorenzo L, Traballesi M, Morelli D, Pompa A, Brunelli S, Buzzi MG, Formisano R, “Hemiparetic shoulder pain syndrome treated with deep dry needling during early rehabilitation: A prospective, open-label, randomized investigation,” J Musculoskelet Pain, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 25-34, 2004.
Itoh K, Hirota S, Katsumi Y, Ochi H, Kitakoji H, “Trigger point acupuncture for treatment of knee osteoarthritis – a preliminary RCT for a pragmatic trial,” Acupunct Med, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 17-26, 2008.
Huguenin L, Brukner PD, McCrory P, Smith P, Wajswelner H, Bennell K, “Effect of dry needling of gluteal muscles on straight leg raise: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial,” Br J Sports Med, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 84-90, 2005.
Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, Cherkin DC, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes BW, Berman BM, “Acupuncture, and dry needling for low back pain: An updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration,” Spine, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 944-963, 2005.
Itoh K, Katsumi Y, Hirota S, Kitakoji H, “Effects of trigger point acupuncture on chronic low back pain in elderly patients – a sham-controlled randomised trial,” Acupunct Med, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 5-12, 2006.
Itoh K, Katsumi Y, Kitakoji H, “Trigger point acupuncture treatment of chronic low back pain in elderly patients – a blinded RCT,” Acupunct Med, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 170-177, 2004.
Vulfsons S, Ratmansky M, Kalichman L, “Trigger point needling: techniques and outcome,” Current Pain & Headache Reports, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 407-412, Oct. 2012.
Gam AN, Warming S, Larsen LH, Jensen B, Hoydalsmo O, Allon I, et al., “Treatment of myofascial trigger points with under ultrasound guide combined with massage and exercise – a randomized controlled trial,” Pain, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 73-79, 1998.
Simons DG, “Understanding effective treatments of myofascial trigger points,” J Bodyw Mov Ther, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 81-88, 2002.
Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons PT, Travell & Simons’ Myofascial Pain & Dysfunction. The Trigger Point Manual. Volume 1. Upper Half of Body, 2nd ed., Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999
Hong CZ, “Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to the myofascial trigger point. The importance of the local response,” Am J Phys Med Rehabil, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 256-263, 1994
Ong J, Claydon LS, “The effect of dry needling for myofascial trigger points in the neck and shoulders: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” J Bodyw Mov Ther, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 390-398, Jul. 2014.
Ay S, Evcik D, Tur BS, “Comparison of injection methods in myofascial pain syndrome: A randomized controlled trial,” Clin Rheumatol, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 19-23, Jan. 2010.
Published
2025-01-07
How to Cite
Qubtan Taha, R., Abdulkareem Ali, O., & Osama A.Mohsein. (2025). The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Bacterial Virulence and Host-Pathogen Interactions. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 6(1), 239-249. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2691
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Articles
