Effect of Chia Seed Oil Addition on Bacterial Adhesion, Tensile Strength, and Hardness in Soft Denture Liners (An in-vitro study)
Keywords:
Antimicrobial, Chia Seed Oil, Dental Materials, Oral Health, Soft Liners
Abstract
Denture soft liners play a critical role in enhancing patient comfort and preventing tissue irritation, especially in individuals with resorbed ridges. However, their long-term use is hindered by microbial colonization, particularly Candida albicans, leading to conditions such as denture-induced stomatitis. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties and antibacterial effectiveness of heat-cured soft liners incorporating Chia seed oil at 0.5% and 2% concentrations. A control group was compared to these formulations, and Staphylococcus epidermidis was used to assess bacterial adherence. Hardness and tensile strength were measured using a durometer and a universal testing machine, respectively, while statistical analysis employed one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results showed that both concentrations of Chia seed oil significantly reduced bacterial adherence (P < 0.01) but also led to a decrease in hardness and tensile strength (P < 0.05). These findings highlight the potential of Chia seed oil as an antimicrobial additive in soft liners, offering improvements in oral health and patient care outcomes.
References
[1] E. S. Palla, E. Karaoglani, O. Naka, and V. Anastassiadou, "Soft Denture Liners’ Effect on the Masticatory Function in Patients Wearing Complete Dentures: A Systematic Review," Journal of Dentistry, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 1403-1410, 2015.
[2] H. Demir, A. Dogan, O. M. Dogan, S. Keskin, G. Bolayir, and K. Soygun, "Peel Bond Strength of Two Silicone Soft Liners to a Heat-Cured Denture Base Resin," Journal of Adhesive Dentistry, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1-9, 2011.
[3] G. Chladek, K. Kasperski, J. Zmudzki, R. Wisniewski, and W. Mertas, "Antifungal Activity of Denture Soft Lining Material Modified by Silver Nanoparticles—A Pilot Study," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 4735-4744, 2011.
[4] A. K. Pandarathodiyil, S. Anil, and S. P. Vijayan, "Angular Cheilitis—An Updated Overview of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management," International Journal of Dental and Oral Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1433-1438, 2021.
[5] M. R. Memon, R. M. Qureshi, I. Memon, M. A. Khokhar, and M. J. Khanzada, "Effectiveness of Chitosan Versus Natural Aloe Vera on Candida Adherence in Denture Soft Lining Material," Scientifica, vol. 2024, no. 1, p. 9918914, 2024.
[6] A. S. Ra'ed I and A. M. Khalid, "Miswak [Chewing Stick]: A Cultural and Scientific Heritage," [online], 1999.
[7] P. Vogel, I. K. Machado, J. Garavaglia, V. T. Zani, D. de Souza, and S. M. Dal Bosco, "Polyphenols Benefits of Olive Leaf (Olea Europaea L.) to Human Health," Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1427-1433, 2015.
[8] L. Singer, G. Bierbaum, K. Kehl, and C. Bourauel, "Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Strength of a Dental Cement Modified Using Plant Extract Mixture," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020.
[9] L. Ayoub, F. Hassan, S. Hamid, Z. Abdelhamid, and A. Souad, "Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Inhibitory Potential of Ficus Carica and Olea Europaea Leaves," Bioinformation, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 226, 2019.
[10] S. Parham, N. Kharazi, N. Bakhsheshi-Rad, M. Ismail, M. Sharif, and A. Berto, "Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials," Antioxidants, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 1309, 2020.
[11] D. Stan, A. Enciu, M. Mateescu, M. Ion, M. Petre, and I. Georgescu, "Natural Compounds With Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effect and Nanocarriers Used for Their Transportation," Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, p. 723233, 2021.
[12] U. D. Hemraz, E. Lam, and R. Sunasee, "Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanocrystals-Based Antimicrobial Agents," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 315, p. 120987, 2023.
[13] J. C. O. Macuja, L. N. Ruedas, and R. C. N. España, "Utilization of Cellulose From Luffa Cylindrica Fiber as Binder in Acetaminophen Tablets," Advances in Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 243785, 2015.
[14] A. Baer and K. Kehn-Hall, "Viral Concentration Determination Through Plaque Assays: Using Traditional and Novel Overlay Systems," Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE), no. 93, p. e52065, 2014.
[15] E. Vranic, A. Lacevic, A. Mehmedagic, and A. Uzunovic, "Formulation Ingredients for Toothpastes and Mouthwashes," Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 51-60, 2004.
[16] V. Jankauskaitė, I. Abraitienė, R. Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė, R. Žibaitė, and G. Bartkutė, "Silicone Rubber and Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites With Antimicrobial Properties," Materials Science, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 42-49, 2014.
[17] G. P. Rods, "UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations," Public Health England, UK, 2014.
[18] L. Landemaine, P. Helary, F. Batardiere, P. Rousselle, F. Gaboriau, and C. Auger, "Staphylococcus Epidermidis Isolates From Atopic or Healthy Skin Have Opposite Effect on Skin Cells: Potential Implication of the AHR Pathway Modulation," Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 14, p. 1098160, 2023.
[19] M. T. Flayyih, "Isolation, Identification, and Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis," Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 701-707, 2015.
[20] T. Spanu, C. Sanguinetti, B. Ciccaglione, L. D'Inzeo, L. Romano, and G. Fadda, "Use of the VITEK 2 System for Rapid Identification of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci From Bloodstream Infections," Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 4259-4263, 2003.
[21] O. Kutay, "Comparison of Tensile and Peel Bond Strengths of Resilient Liners," The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 525-531, 1994.
[22] ISO, "10139-2: 2016, Dentistry—Soft Lining Materials for Removable Dentures—Part 2: Materials for Long-Term Use," International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.
[23] Z. S. A. Karkosh, B. M. Hussein, and W. M. A. AL-Wattar, "Effect of Phosphoric Containing and Varnish-Coated Groups on Candida Albicans Adhesion and Porosity of Heat Cure Acrylic Denture Base Material," Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 179-185, 2018.
[24] D. R. Monteiro, L. F. Gorup, A. S. Takamiya, E. R. de Camargo, A. C. R. Filho, and D. B. Barbosa, "Silver Distribution and Release From an Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin Containing Silver Colloidal Nanoparticles," Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 7-15, 2012.
[25] H. Kurtulmus, O. Kumbuloglu, M. Özcan, G. Ozdemir, and C. Vural, "Candida Albicans Adherence on Silicone Elastomers: Effect of Polymerisation Duration and Exposure to Simulated Saliva and Nasal Secretion," Dental Materials, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 76-82, 2010.
[26] N. A. Fatah, "The Effect of Addition of Zirconium Nanoparticles on Antifungal Activity and Some Properties of Soft Denture Lining Material," unpublished.
[27] D. Govindswamy, S. Rodrigues, V. Shenoy, S. Shenoy, R. Shenoy, and T. Yadav, "The Influence of Surface Roughness on the Retention of Candida Albicans to Denture Base Acrylic Resins: An In Vitro Study," Journal of Nepal Dentists Association (JNDA), vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2014.
[28] W. Khalid, S. A. Nawaz, A. N. Arshad, and F. Ashfaq, "Chia Seeds (Salvia Hispanica L.): A Therapeutic Weapon in Metabolic Disorders," Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3-16, 2023.
[29] P. G. Patted, R. S. Masareddy, A. S. Patil, R. R. Kanabargi, and C. T. Bhat, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Comprehensive Scientific Review of Their Sources, Functions, and Health Benefits," Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 94, 2024.
[30] K. A. Wierenga and J. J. Pestka, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammation—You Are What You Eat," Front Young Minds, vol. 9, pp. 1-7, 2021.
[31] R. Tavera-Hernández, M. Jiménez-Estrada, J. J. Alvarado-Sansininea, and M. Huerta-Reyes, "Chia (Salvia Hispanica L.), a Pre-Hispanic Food in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibitory Properties of α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase, and in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease," Molecules, vol. 28, no. 24, p. 8069, 2023.
[32] O. A. Sánchez-Velázquez, M. Mondor, M. R. Segura-Campos, N. C. Quintal-Bojórquez, and A. J. Hernández-Álvarez, "Bioactive Phytochemicals From Chia Seed (Salvia Hispanica) Oil Processing By-Products," in Bioactive Phytochemicals From Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-Products, Springer, 2022, pp. 1-25.
[33] H. Sies, D. P. Jones, S. K. Sharma, and H. V. Fridovich, "Defining Roles of Specific Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cell Biology and Physiology," Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 499-515, 2022.
[34] Z. Xie, S. Li, L. Chen, Y. Wang, and M. Lin, "Phenolic Acid-Induced Phase Separation and Translation Inhibition Mediate Plant Interspecific Competition," Nature Plants, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1481-1499, 2023.
[35] M. A. Rather, K. Gupta, and M. Mandal, "Microbial Biofilm: Formation, Architecture, Antibiotic Resistance, and Control Strategies," Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, pp. 1-18, 2021.
[36] L. Ningjian, and D. Kitts, "Role of Chlorogenic Acids in Controlling Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress Conditions," Nutrients, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2016.
[37] Z. Eslami, S. Elkoun, M. Robert, and K. Adjallé, "A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films," Molecules, vol. 28, no. 18, p. 6637, 2023.
[38] F. K. Metze, S. Sant, Z. Meng, H.-A. Klok, and K. Kaur, "Swelling-Activated, Soft Mechanochemistry in Polymer Materials," Langmuir, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3546-3557, 2023.
[39] I. Dominguez-Candela, J. M. Ferri, S. C. Cardona, J. Lora, and V. Fombuena, "Dual Plasticizer/Thermal Stabilizer Effect of Epoxidized Chia Seed Oil (Salvia Hispanica L.) to Improve Ductility and Thermal Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, p. 1283, 2021.
[40] A. Abad and F. Shahidi, "Compositional Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Chia Seed Oil (Salvia Hispanica L.)," Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, vol. 2, pp. 1-8, 2020.
[2] H. Demir, A. Dogan, O. M. Dogan, S. Keskin, G. Bolayir, and K. Soygun, "Peel Bond Strength of Two Silicone Soft Liners to a Heat-Cured Denture Base Resin," Journal of Adhesive Dentistry, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1-9, 2011.
[3] G. Chladek, K. Kasperski, J. Zmudzki, R. Wisniewski, and W. Mertas, "Antifungal Activity of Denture Soft Lining Material Modified by Silver Nanoparticles—A Pilot Study," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 4735-4744, 2011.
[4] A. K. Pandarathodiyil, S. Anil, and S. P. Vijayan, "Angular Cheilitis—An Updated Overview of the Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management," International Journal of Dental and Oral Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1433-1438, 2021.
[5] M. R. Memon, R. M. Qureshi, I. Memon, M. A. Khokhar, and M. J. Khanzada, "Effectiveness of Chitosan Versus Natural Aloe Vera on Candida Adherence in Denture Soft Lining Material," Scientifica, vol. 2024, no. 1, p. 9918914, 2024.
[6] A. S. Ra'ed I and A. M. Khalid, "Miswak [Chewing Stick]: A Cultural and Scientific Heritage," [online], 1999.
[7] P. Vogel, I. K. Machado, J. Garavaglia, V. T. Zani, D. de Souza, and S. M. Dal Bosco, "Polyphenols Benefits of Olive Leaf (Olea Europaea L.) to Human Health," Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1427-1433, 2015.
[8] L. Singer, G. Bierbaum, K. Kehl, and C. Bourauel, "Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Compressive Strength of a Dental Cement Modified Using Plant Extract Mixture," Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2020.
[9] L. Ayoub, F. Hassan, S. Hamid, Z. Abdelhamid, and A. Souad, "Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Inhibitory Potential of Ficus Carica and Olea Europaea Leaves," Bioinformation, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 226, 2019.
[10] S. Parham, N. Kharazi, N. Bakhsheshi-Rad, M. Ismail, M. Sharif, and A. Berto, "Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials," Antioxidants, vol. 9, no. 12, p. 1309, 2020.
[11] D. Stan, A. Enciu, M. Mateescu, M. Ion, M. Petre, and I. Georgescu, "Natural Compounds With Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effect and Nanocarriers Used for Their Transportation," Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12, p. 723233, 2021.
[12] U. D. Hemraz, E. Lam, and R. Sunasee, "Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanocrystals-Based Antimicrobial Agents," Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 315, p. 120987, 2023.
[13] J. C. O. Macuja, L. N. Ruedas, and R. C. N. España, "Utilization of Cellulose From Luffa Cylindrica Fiber as Binder in Acetaminophen Tablets," Advances in Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2015, no. 1, p. 243785, 2015.
[14] A. Baer and K. Kehn-Hall, "Viral Concentration Determination Through Plaque Assays: Using Traditional and Novel Overlay Systems," Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE), no. 93, p. e52065, 2014.
[15] E. Vranic, A. Lacevic, A. Mehmedagic, and A. Uzunovic, "Formulation Ingredients for Toothpastes and Mouthwashes," Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 51-60, 2004.
[16] V. Jankauskaitė, I. Abraitienė, R. Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė, R. Žibaitė, and G. Bartkutė, "Silicone Rubber and Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites With Antimicrobial Properties," Materials Science, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 42-49, 2014.
[17] G. P. Rods, "UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations," Public Health England, UK, 2014.
[18] L. Landemaine, P. Helary, F. Batardiere, P. Rousselle, F. Gaboriau, and C. Auger, "Staphylococcus Epidermidis Isolates From Atopic or Healthy Skin Have Opposite Effect on Skin Cells: Potential Implication of the AHR Pathway Modulation," Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 14, p. 1098160, 2023.
[19] M. T. Flayyih, "Isolation, Identification, and Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis," Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 701-707, 2015.
[20] T. Spanu, C. Sanguinetti, B. Ciccaglione, L. D'Inzeo, L. Romano, and G. Fadda, "Use of the VITEK 2 System for Rapid Identification of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci From Bloodstream Infections," Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 4259-4263, 2003.
[21] O. Kutay, "Comparison of Tensile and Peel Bond Strengths of Resilient Liners," The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 525-531, 1994.
[22] ISO, "10139-2: 2016, Dentistry—Soft Lining Materials for Removable Dentures—Part 2: Materials for Long-Term Use," International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016.
[23] Z. S. A. Karkosh, B. M. Hussein, and W. M. A. AL-Wattar, "Effect of Phosphoric Containing and Varnish-Coated Groups on Candida Albicans Adhesion and Porosity of Heat Cure Acrylic Denture Base Material," Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 179-185, 2018.
[24] D. R. Monteiro, L. F. Gorup, A. S. Takamiya, E. R. de Camargo, A. C. R. Filho, and D. B. Barbosa, "Silver Distribution and Release From an Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin Containing Silver Colloidal Nanoparticles," Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 7-15, 2012.
[25] H. Kurtulmus, O. Kumbuloglu, M. Özcan, G. Ozdemir, and C. Vural, "Candida Albicans Adherence on Silicone Elastomers: Effect of Polymerisation Duration and Exposure to Simulated Saliva and Nasal Secretion," Dental Materials, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 76-82, 2010.
[26] N. A. Fatah, "The Effect of Addition of Zirconium Nanoparticles on Antifungal Activity and Some Properties of Soft Denture Lining Material," unpublished.
[27] D. Govindswamy, S. Rodrigues, V. Shenoy, S. Shenoy, R. Shenoy, and T. Yadav, "The Influence of Surface Roughness on the Retention of Candida Albicans to Denture Base Acrylic Resins: An In Vitro Study," Journal of Nepal Dentists Association (JNDA), vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2014.
[28] W. Khalid, S. A. Nawaz, A. N. Arshad, and F. Ashfaq, "Chia Seeds (Salvia Hispanica L.): A Therapeutic Weapon in Metabolic Disorders," Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 3-16, 2023.
[29] P. G. Patted, R. S. Masareddy, A. S. Patil, R. R. Kanabargi, and C. T. Bhat, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Comprehensive Scientific Review of Their Sources, Functions, and Health Benefits," Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 94, 2024.
[30] K. A. Wierenga and J. J. Pestka, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inflammation—You Are What You Eat," Front Young Minds, vol. 9, pp. 1-7, 2021.
[31] R. Tavera-Hernández, M. Jiménez-Estrada, J. J. Alvarado-Sansininea, and M. Huerta-Reyes, "Chia (Salvia Hispanica L.), a Pre-Hispanic Food in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibitory Properties of α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase, and in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease," Molecules, vol. 28, no. 24, p. 8069, 2023.
[32] O. A. Sánchez-Velázquez, M. Mondor, M. R. Segura-Campos, N. C. Quintal-Bojórquez, and A. J. Hernández-Álvarez, "Bioactive Phytochemicals From Chia Seed (Salvia Hispanica) Oil Processing By-Products," in Bioactive Phytochemicals From Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-Products, Springer, 2022, pp. 1-25.
[33] H. Sies, D. P. Jones, S. K. Sharma, and H. V. Fridovich, "Defining Roles of Specific Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cell Biology and Physiology," Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 499-515, 2022.
[34] Z. Xie, S. Li, L. Chen, Y. Wang, and M. Lin, "Phenolic Acid-Induced Phase Separation and Translation Inhibition Mediate Plant Interspecific Competition," Nature Plants, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1481-1499, 2023.
[35] M. A. Rather, K. Gupta, and M. Mandal, "Microbial Biofilm: Formation, Architecture, Antibiotic Resistance, and Control Strategies," Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, pp. 1-18, 2021.
[36] L. Ningjian, and D. Kitts, "Role of Chlorogenic Acids in Controlling Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress Conditions," Nutrients, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2016.
[37] Z. Eslami, S. Elkoun, M. Robert, and K. Adjallé, "A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films," Molecules, vol. 28, no. 18, p. 6637, 2023.
[38] F. K. Metze, S. Sant, Z. Meng, H.-A. Klok, and K. Kaur, "Swelling-Activated, Soft Mechanochemistry in Polymer Materials," Langmuir, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3546-3557, 2023.
[39] I. Dominguez-Candela, J. M. Ferri, S. C. Cardona, J. Lora, and V. Fombuena, "Dual Plasticizer/Thermal Stabilizer Effect of Epoxidized Chia Seed Oil (Salvia Hispanica L.) to Improve Ductility and Thermal Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)," Polymers, vol. 13, no. 8, p. 1283, 2021.
[40] A. Abad and F. Shahidi, "Compositional Characteristics and Oxidative Stability of Chia Seed Oil (Salvia Hispanica L.)," Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, vol. 2, pp. 1-8, 2020.
Published
2024-10-09
How to Cite
Ahmed, A. S., Abdul-Hammed, S., Ahmed, R. S., & Arab, L. N. (2024). Effect of Chia Seed Oil Addition on Bacterial Adhesion, Tensile Strength, and Hardness in Soft Denture Liners (An in-vitro study). Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(4), 919-928. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2633
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
