Assessment of Domestic Violence Against Women in Al Najaf Province
Keywords:
Violence, Pregnant Women, Public Health, Risk Factors, Iraq
Abstract
Violence against pregnant women is a significant public health issue globally, yet specific data on its prevalence and risk factors in Iraq is limited. This study aimed to assess the types and prevalence of violence against pregnant women in Al Najaf province and explore its relationship with demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted involving 200 pregnant women at Maternal & Neonatal Teaching Hospitals, utilizing questionnaires and self-report techniques. Results indicated that a majority experienced mild emotional, physical, and sexual violence, with significant correlations found between violence and factors such as women's age, educational level, residency, monthly income, number of pregnancies, drug use during pregnancy, exposure to violence, and characteristics of their partners. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive interventions, including stricter laws against domestic violence and public education on its dangers, particularly for pregnant women.
References
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[20] A. Priya, S. Chaturvedi, S. K. Bhasin, M. S. Bhatia, and G. Radhakrishnan, “Are Pregnant Women Also Vulnerable to Domestic Violence? A Community-Based Inquiry for Prevalence and Predictors of Domestic Violence Among Pregnant Women,” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1575-1579, 2019. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_115_19.
[2] G. Pastor-Moreno, I. Ruiz-Pérez, J. Henares-Montiel, V. Escribà-Agüir, C. Higueras-Callejón, and I. Ricci-Cabello, “Intimate Partner Violence and Perinatal Health: A Systematic Review,” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 127, no. 5, pp. 537-547, 2020. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16084.
[3] R. Stephenson, A. Jadhav, A. Winter, and M. Hindin, “Domestic Violence and Abortion Among Rural Women in Four Indian States,” Violence Against Women, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1642-1658, 2016. doi: 10.1177/1077801216630148.
[4] M. N. Maciel, B. Blondel, and M. J. Saurel-Cubizolles, “Physical Violence During Pregnancy in France: Frequency and Impact on the Health of Expectant Mothers and New-Borns,” Maternal and Child Health Journal, vol. 23, pp. 1108-1116, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s10995-019-02747-y.
[5] D. S. Thakuri, P. R. Ghimire, S. Poudel, and R. B. Khatri, “Association Between Intimate Partner Violence and Abortion in Nepal: A Pooled Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (2011 and 2016),” BioMed Research International, vol. 2020, 2020. doi: 10.1155/2020/5487164.
[6] H. Khaironisak, S. Zaridah, F. G. Hasanain, and M. I. Zaleha, “Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Complications of Violence Against Pregnant Women in a Hospital in Peninsular Malaysia,” Women & Health, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 919-941, 2017. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2016.1222329.
[7] R. K. Lafta and G. R. Hamid, “Domestic Violence in Time of Unrest, A Sample from Iraq,” Medicine, Conflict, and Survival, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 205-220, 2021. doi: 10.1080/13623699.2021.1958477.
[8] World Health Organization, “First Gender-Based Violence Strategic Plan Launched in Iraq,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.emro.who.int/iraq/news/first-gender-based-violence-strategic-plan-launched-in-iraq.html?format=html.
[9] M. Rahman, “Intimate Partner Violence and Termination of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study of Married Bangladeshi Women,” Reproductive Health, vol. 12, pp. 1-8, 2015. doi: 10.1186/s12978-015-0095-7.
[10] A. Citernesi, V. Dubini, A. Uglietti, E. Ricci, S. Cipriani, F. Parazzini, and the Italian AOGOI Study Group on Violence on Women, “Intimate Partner Violence and Repeat Induced Abortion in Italy: A Cross Sectional Study,” The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 344-349, 2015. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2014.992516.
[11] H. Finnbogadóttir, A. K. Dykes, and C. Wann-Hansson, “Prevalence and Incidence of Domestic Violence During Pregnancy and Associated Risk Factors: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in the South of Sweden,” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 16, pp. 1-10, 2016. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1017-6.
[12] A. Afiaz, R. K. Biswas, R. Shamma, and N. Ananna, “Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) with Miscarriages, Stillbirths and Abortions: Identifying Vulnerable Households for Women in Bangladesh,” PLoS One, vol. 15, no. 7, e0236670, 2020. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236670.
[13] B. Bifftu, B. A. Dachew, B. Tadesse Tiruneh, and A. Z. Zewoldie, “Domestic Violence Among Pregnant Mothers in Northwest Ethiopia: Prevalence and Associated Factors,” Advances in Public Health, vol. 2017, 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/6506231.
[14] M. Bo, A. Canavese, L. Magnano, A. Rondana, P. Castagna, and S. Gino, “Violence Against Pregnant Women in the Experience of the Rape Centre of Turin: Clinical and Forensic Evaluation,” Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, vol. 76, 102071, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102071.
[15] J. L. Alhusen, N. Frohman, and G. Purcell, “Intimate Partner Violence and Suicidal Ideation in Pregnant Women,” Archives of Women's Mental Health, vol. 18, pp. 573-578, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00737-015-0515-2.
[16] F. Abdollahi, F. R. Abhari, M. A. Delavar, and J. Y. Charati, “Physical Violence Against Pregnant Women by an Intimate Partner, and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Mazandaran Province, Iran,” Journal of Family and Community Medicine, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 13-18, 2015. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.149577.
[17] R. Stephenson, A. Jadhav, A. Winter, and M. Hindin, “Domestic Violence and Abortion Among Rural Women in Four Indian States,” Violence Against Women, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 1642-1658, 2016. doi: 10.1177/1077801216630148.
[18] T. Y. Tiruye, C. Chojenta, M. L. Harris, E. Holliday, and D. Loxton, “Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and Its Association with Pregnancy Loss in Ethiopia: Evidence from a National Survey,” BMC Women's Health, vol. 20, pp. 1-11, 2020. doi: 10.1186/s12905-020-01028-z.
[19] B. Sulaiman, K. I. Omonua, O. R. Opadiran, and A. I. Yabagi, “Intimate Partner Violence Among Obstetric Population at University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria,” Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 255-258, 2021. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_413_21.
[20] A. Priya, S. Chaturvedi, S. K. Bhasin, M. S. Bhatia, and G. Radhakrishnan, “Are Pregnant Women Also Vulnerable to Domestic Violence? A Community-Based Inquiry for Prevalence and Predictors of Domestic Violence Among Pregnant Women,” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1575-1579, 2019. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_115_19.
Published
2024-10-07
How to Cite
Al-Taee, Z. N. (2024). Assessment of Domestic Violence Against Women in Al Najaf Province. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(4), 909-918. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2631
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
