Correlation Between Blood Sugar Levels and D-Dimer Levels in Covid-19 Patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital
Keywords:
COVID-19, D-dimer, Blood Glucose Levels
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause fatal outcome. A number of factors, including blood glucose levels, can impact how this disease progresses. One of the test results that is utilized to assess the prognosis of COVID-19 patients is D dimer. The aim of this study is to ascertain how blood sugar levels affect D-dimer levels in PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital COVID-19 inpatients. This research is aquantitative analytical observational study with a cross sectional design. The number of samples in this study was 373 samples, consisting of 213 samples of COVID-19 patients with blood glucose <200 mg/dl and 160 samples of COVID-19 patients with blood glucose >200 mg/dL. The sample was obtained using a simple random sampling method. Analysis was applied to determine the correlation between blood sugar levels and D-dimer levels from the two sample groups. This study also measured the D-dimer cut-off point value which was assessed using the ROC curve. Results: No significant correlation was found between blood sugar levels and D dimer levels in COVID-19 patients hospitalized at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital (p>0.05).The cut-off pointvalue of D-dimer in diabetes patients is 1,505 mg/dL with sensitivity of 62,7% and specificity of 63,8% and the risk of death is 2,2 greater in patients with D-dimer levels >1,505mg/dL (RR: 2,217; 95% CI: 1,499- 3,278). Conclusion: Blood sugar and D-dimer levels did not significantly correlate in COVID-19 inpatients. The risk of death in patients with D-dimer levels >1.505 mg/dL was 2.2.
References
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2. Andreani, F. V., Belladonna, M., & Hendrianingtyas, M. (2018). HubunganAntara Gula Darah Sewaktu dan Puasa dengan Perubahan Skor NIHSS Pada Stroke Iskemik Akut. 7(1).
3. Basundoro, P. A., & Adhipireno, P. (2017). Hubungan Kadar Glukosa Darah terhadap Estimasi Laju Filtrasi GlomeruJus pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal), 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v6i2.18614
4. Cen, Y., Chen, X., Shen, Y., Zhang, X.-H., Lei, Y., Xu, C., Jiang, W.-R., Xu, H.T., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Zhang, L.-L., & Liu, Y.-H. (2020). Risk factors for disease progression in patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019-A multi-centre observational study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(9), 1242-1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.041
5. Ceriello, A.(2020). Diabetes, D-dimer and COVID-19: The possible role of glucose control. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(6), 1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.011
6. Chilamakuri, R., & Agarwal, S. (2021). COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics. Cells, 10(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10020206
7. Cruz, P. (2020). Inpatient Hypoglycemia: The Challenge Remains. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 14(3), 560-566. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820918540
8. Geetha, H. S., Singh, G., Sekar, A., Gogtay, M., Singh, Y., Abraham, G. M., & Trivedi, N. (2023). Hyperglycemia in COVID-19 infection without diabetes mellitus: Association with inflammatory markers. World Journal ofClinical Cases, 11(6), 1287-1298. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.vl 1.i6.1287
9. Guo, W., Li, M., Dong, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., Tian, C., Qin, R., Wang, H., Shen, Y., Du, K., Zhao, L., Fan, H., Luo, S., & Hu, D. (2020). Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 36(1), e3319. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3319
10. Hanifah, N. A., J Nugroho Eko Putranto, & Laksrni Wulandari. (2023). D-dimer relation with hypertension and non-hypertension in covid-19 patient. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 20(2), 1338-1348. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.2.2382
11. Hashim Ibrahim Elbashir, I., Kamal Ali Mohamed, H., Adam Essa, M. E., & Seri, A. (2022). Comparison between D-dimer levels in diabetic and non-diabetic positive COVID-19 adult patients: A hospital-based study. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, 5(4), e349. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.349
12. Intanwati, S. (2020). Peran Pemeriksaan D-Dimer pada COVID-19. Prosiding FK UB, J(l), Article 1.
13. Li, H., Chen, S., Wang, S., Yang, S., Cao, W., Liu, S., Song, Y., Li, X., Li, Z., Li, R., Liu, X., Wang, C., Chen, Y., Xie, F., He, Y., & Liu, M. (2022). Elevated D-dimer and Adverse In-hospital Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients and Synergism with Hyperglycemia. Infection and Drug Resistance, Volume 15, 3683-3691. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S367012
14. Miri, C., Charii, H., Bouazzaoui, M.-A., Laouan Brem, F., Boulouiz, S., Abda, N., Kouisrni, H., Bazid, Z., lsmaili, N., & El Ouafi, N. (2021). D-dimer Level and Diabetes in the COVID-19 Infection. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 27, 107602962110459. https://doi.org/10.1177/10760296211045902
15. Nafila, R. R., Ardyanto, T. D., & Hermawati, B. D. (2023). Hubungan Glukosa Darah Adrnisi dan HbAlc dengan Kadar D-Dimer pada Pasien COVID-19 dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2. Plexus Medical Journal, 2(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.20961/plexus.v2i3.558
16. Nakhleh, A., & Shehadeh, N. (2021). Hypoglycemia in diabetes: An update on pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. World Journal of Diabetes, 12(12), 2036. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2036
17. PERKENI. (2021). Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dewasa di INDONESIA - 2021. 119.
18. Rav Acha, M., Taha, L., Turyan, A., Farkash, R., Bayya, F., Karmi, M., Steinmetz, Y., Shaheen, F. F., Perel, N., Hamayel, K., Levi, N., Karameh, H., Tvito, A., Glikson, M., & Asher, E. (2022). D-Dimer as a Prognostic Factor in a Te1tiary Center Intensive Coronary Care Unit. Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 28, 10760296221110879. https://doi.org/10.1177/10760296221110879
19. SATGAS COVID-19. (2022). Peta Sebaran. Covid19 Indonesia. https://covid19.go.id/id/peta-sebaran
20. Schouten, H. J., Geersing, G. J., Koek, H. L., Zuithoff, N. P. A., Janssen, K. J. M., Douma, R. A., van Delden, J. J.M., Moons, K. G. M., & Reitsma, J.B. (2013). Diagnostic accuracy of conventional or age adjusted D-dimer cut off values in older patients with suspected venous thromboembolism: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The BMJ, 346, f2492. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj .f2492
21. Silaghi-Dumitrescu, R., Patrascu, I., Lehene, M., & Bercea, I. (2023). Comorbidities of COVID-19 Patients. Medicina, 59(8), 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59081393
22. Susilo, A., Rumende, C. M., Pitoyo, C. W., Santoso, W. D., Yulianti, M., Herikurniawan, H., Sinto, R., Singh, G., Nainggolan, L., Nelwan, E. J., Chen, L. K., Widhani, A., Wijaya, E., Wicaksana, B., Maksum, M., Annisa, F., Jasirwan, C. 0. M., & Yunihastuti, E.(2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 7(1), Article. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v7.415
23. Tang, N., Pan, Y., Xu, C., & Li, D. (2020). Characteristics of emergency patients with markedly elevated D-dimer levels. Scientific Reports, 10, 7784. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64853-0
24. Yamashita, Y., Yachi, S., Takeyama, M., Nishimoto, Y., Tsujino, I., Nakamura, J., Yamamoto, N., Nakata, H., Ikeda, S., Umetsu, M., Aikawa, S., Hayashi, H., Satokawa, H., Okuno, Y., Iwata, E., Ogihara, Y., Ikeda, N., Kondo, A., Iwai, T. (2022). Influence of sex on development of thrombosis in patients with COVID-19: From the CLOT-COVID study. Thrombosis Research,213, 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2022.03.023
25. Yang, X., Zhang, R., Jin, T., Zhu, P., Yao, L., Li, L., Cai, W., Mukherjee, R., Du, Fu, X., Xue, J., Martina, R., Liu, T., Pendharkar, S., Phillips, A. R.,Singh, V. K., Sutton, R., Windsor, J A., Deng, L., ... Huang, W. (2022). Stress Hyperglycemia Is Independently Associated with Persistent Organ Failure in Acute Pancreatitis. DigestiveDiseases and Sciences, 67(5), 1879- 1889. https://doi.org/10.1007Is10620-021-06982-8
26. Yao, Y., Cao, J., Wang, Q., Shi, Q., Liu, K., Luo, Z., Chen, X., Chen, S., Yu, K., Huang, Z., & Hu, B. (2020). D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A case control study. Journal of IntensiveCare, 8(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.ll 86/s40560-020-00466-z
27. Zainul Fatoni, A., & Rakhmatullah, R. (2021). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) pada Pneumonia COVID-19. Journal of Anaesthesia and Pain, 2, 11-24.
28. Zavras, P. D., Kabarriti, R., Mehta, V., Goel, S., & Billett, H. H. (2020). Clinical Thrombosis Rate was not Increased in a Cohort of Cancer Patients with COVID-19 [Preprint]. Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.15.20195263
Published
2024-09-04
How to Cite
Agus, W., & NN, U. (2024). Correlation Between Blood Sugar Levels and D-Dimer Levels in Covid-19 Patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(4), 722-728. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2602
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