Evaluation of Insulin Levels, Insulin Resistance, and Some Biochemical Variables in Males With Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes
Keywords:
Diabetic Complications, HbA1c, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Glucose, Body Mass Index
Abstract
Diabetes complications significantly impact health, yet the relationship between insulin levels, insulin resistance, and related biochemical variables in males with uncontrolled diabetes remains underexplored. This study aimed to assess insulin, HbA1c, glucose levels, insulin resistance, and body mass index (BMI) in males with diabetes complications compared to healthy controls. Conducted from December 2023 to May 2024 in Hawija’s hospitals and clinics, the study included 70 male patients aged 40-70 with diabetes complications and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Results revealed significantly higher levels of insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and BMI in patients with diabetes complications (P ≤ 0.01) compared to controls. The study concludes that increased insulin resistance due to elevated insulin and glucose levels contributes to severe diabetes complications, including neuropathy, retinopathy, and vascular disease.
References
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[2] F. Bandarian, M. Omidvar, F. R. Farideh, E. Nasli-Esfahani, S. Saeedi, and B. Larijani, "Iran Diabetes Research Roadmap (IDRR) Study: Knowledge Gap in Genetic Research on Diabetes Mellitus in Iran: A Review Article," *Iranian Journal of Public Health*, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 53-59, 2017.
[3] World Health Organization, *World Health Statistics Overview 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals* (No. WHO/DAD/2019.1), 2019.
[4] M. Vonglokham, S. Kounnavong, V. Sychareun, S. Pengpid, and K. Peltzer, "Prevalence and Social and Health Determinants of Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Among Adults in Laos: A Cross-Sectional National Population-Based Survey, 2013," *Tropical Medicine and International Health*, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 65-72, 2019.
[5] J. Long, Z. Yang, L. Wang, Y. Han, C. Peng, C. Yan, and D. Yan, "Metabolite Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Pre-Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," *BMC Endocrine Disorders*, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2020.
[6] J. Tuomilehto, J. Lindstrom, J. G. Eriksson, T. T. Valle, and H. Hamalainen, "Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle Among Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance," *New England Journal of Medicine*, vol. 344, no. 18, pp. 1343-1350, 2001.
[7] J. Wei, J. Tian, C. Tang, X. Fang, R. Miao, H. Wu, and X. Tong, "The Influence of Different Types of Diabetes on Vascular Complications," *Journal of Diabetes Research*, vol. 28, ID 35242879, 2022.
[8] M. H. Ahmed, "Study of Chitinase 3-Like 1 Protein Levels With Other Biochemical Parameters in Iraqi Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Nephropathy," M.S. thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad, 2021.
[9] W. Gao, L. Pu, J. Wei, Z. Yao, Y. Wang, T. Shi, and C. Guo, "Serum Antioxidant Parameters Are Significantly Increased in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Consumption of Chinese Propolis: A Randomized Controlled Trial Based on Fasting Serum Glucose Level," *Diabetes Therapy*, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 101-111, 2017.
[10] R. H. Hamad and S. J. Abdulrahman, "Assessment of the Role of Kidney Function and Total Proteins in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy in Kirkuk City, Iraq," *Journal of Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Human Diseases* (JPDMHD), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 13-21, Jan. 2024.
[11] R. H. Aly, A. E. Ahmed, W. G. Hozayen, A. M. Rabea, T. M. Ali, A. El Askary, and O. M. Ahmed, "Patterns of Toll-Like Receptor Expressions and Inflammatory Cytokine Levels and Their Implications in the Progress of Insulin Resistance and Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients," *Frontiers in Physiology*, vol. 11, pp. 609223, 2020.
[12] D. E. Goldstein, R. R. Little, R. A. Lorenz, J. I. Malone, D. Nathan, and C. M. Peterson, "Tests of Glycemia in Diabetes," *Diabetes Care*, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 896-909, 1995.
[13] P. Trinder, "Determination of Glucose in Blood Using Glucose Oxidase with an Alternative Oxygen Acceptor," *Annals of Clinical Biochemistry*, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 24-27, 1969.
[14] T. M. Wallace, J. C. Levy, and D. R. Matthews, "Use and Abuse of HOMA Modeling," *Diabetes Care*, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1487-1495, 2004.
[15] T. K. Kim, "T Test as a Parametric Statistic," *Korean Journal of Anesthesiology*, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 540-546, 2015.
[16] O. A. Hussain, S. K. Abbas, and W. G. Mustafa, "The Effect of Glycemic Control on Some Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients," *World Bulletin of Public Health*, vol. 17, pp. 108-114, 2022.
[17] F. Emanuel, O. Jose, M. Karin, and L. Strin, "Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance in the Obese Develop," *Biomedicine*, vol. 103264.65, 2021.
[18] D. Tola, Z. B. Bayissa, T. A. Desissa, L. K. Solbana, A. H. Tesfaye, and B. F. Eba, "Determinants of Diabetic Nephropathy Among Adult Diabetic Patients on Follow-Up at Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study," *SAGE Open Medicine*, vol. 12, pp. 1-10, 2024.
[19] P. Romero-Aroca, M. Baget-Bernaldiz, R. Navarro-Gil, A. Moreno-Ribas, A. Valls-Mateu, R. Sagarra-Alamo, and X. Mundet-Tuduri, "Glomerular Filtration Rate and/or Ratio of Urine Albumin to Creatinine as Markers for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Ten-Year Follow-Up Study," *Journal of Diabetes Research*, vol. 2018, pp. 1-8, 2018.
[20] R. N. Bergman, F. Piccinini, M. Kabir, C. M. Kolka, and M. Ader, "Hypothesis: Role of Reduced Hepatic Insulin Clearance in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes," *Diabetes*, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 1709-1716, 2019.
[21] L. Dilworth, A. Facey, and F. Omoruyi, "Diabetes Mellitus and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipose Tissues," *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, vol. 22, no. 14, pp. 1-18, 2021.
[22] K. Parwani and P. Mandal, "Role of Advanced Glycation End Products and Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Nephropathy," *Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry*, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 95-107, 2023.
[23] D. E. James, J. Stöckli, and M. J. Birnbaum, "The Aetiology and Molecular Landscape of Insulin Resistance," *Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology*, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 751-771, 2021.
[24] M. Khalid, J. Alkaabi, M. A. Khan, and A. Adem, "Insulin Signal Transduction Perturbations in Insulin Resistance," *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 8590, 2021.
[25] K. Moriyama, "Associations Between the Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Metabolic Syndrome, Insulin Resistance, and Lifestyle Habits in Healthy Japanese," *Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders*, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 260-266, 2020.
[26] A. A. Vetcher, K. V. Zhukov, B. A. Gasparyan, and A. Y. Shishonin, "Hypothetical Reason for the Restoration of HbA1c Level for Pre-Diabetic Patients Through the Recovery of Arterial Blood Flow Access to Rhomboid Fossa," *Diabetology*, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 470-476, 2022.
[27] H. Chemlal, L. Bournine, S
[28] Mimoune, S. Boufeniche, L. Beddou, S. Bensalem, and M. Iguer-Ouada, "Close Relationship Between High HbA1c Levels and Methemoglobin Generation in Human Erythrocytes: The Enhancement of Oxidative Stress in the Process," *Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications*, vol. 8, no. 37, pp. 108543, 2023.
[29] C.-H. Shi, C. Wang, R. Bai, X.-Y. Zhang, L.-L. Men, and J.-L. Du, "Associations Among Glycemic Excursions, Glycated Hemoglobin and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus," *Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine*, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1937–1942, 2016.
[30] D. Khanna, C. Peltzer, P. Kahar, and M. S. Parmar, "Body Mass Index (BMI): A Screening Tool Analysis," *Cureus*, vol. 14, no. 2, 2022.
[31] W. Ren, Y. Feng, Y. Feng, J. Li, C. Zhang, L. Feng, and J. Ran, "Relationship of Liver Fat Content with Systemic Metabolism and Chronic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus," *Lipids in Health and Disease*, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 11, 2023.
[32] B. Ahmed, R. Sultana, and M. W. Greene, "Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Obese," *Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy*, vol. 137, pp. 111315, 2021.
[33] H. Nagao, S. Kashine, H. Nishizawa, T. Okada, T. Kimura, A. Hirata, and I. Shimomura, "Vascular Complications and Changes in Body Mass Index in Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Abdominal Obesity," *Cardiovascular Diabetology*, vol. 12, pp. 1-9, 2013.
[34] J. Mitri and O. Hamdy, "Diabetes Medications and Body Weight," *Expert Opinion on Drug Safety*, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 573-584, 2009.
Published
2024-08-27
How to Cite
Khudhur , A. F. (2024). Evaluation of Insulin Levels, Insulin Resistance, and Some Biochemical Variables in Males With Complications of Uncontrolled Diabetes. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(4), 601-609. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2589
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Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
