Evaluation of Lead and Nickel Levels in Blood Serum Samples of Beta-Thalassemia Patients

Mostafa Salim  Mohammed

Mostafa Salim Mohammed AL Najaf Technical Institute, Al Furat Al Awsat Technical University, Iraq

Keywords: Heavy Elements, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Environmental

Abstract

β-Thalassemia major (β-TM) is a genetic disorder characterized by severe anemia, requiring regular blood transfusions, which may lead to the accumulation of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni). Although previous research has highlighted the potential for increased heavy metal accumulation in β-TM patients, there is limited understanding of Pb and Ni levels in these individuals compared to healthy controls. This study aimed to assess and compare the concentrations of Pb and Ni in the blood serum of β-TM patients and healthy individuals residing in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The study included 150 participants, with 100 β-TM patients and 50 healthy controls. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing a One-way independent test to compare metal concentrations, ANOVA to assess differences in age and smoking habits, and Spearman correlation to evaluate the relationship between Pb and Ni levels. The results demonstrated significantly higher mean concentrations of Pb (81.19±8.05 ppb) and Ni (16.67±3.853 ppb) in the serum of β-TM patients compared to the control group (Pb: 27.35±3.941 ppb; Ni: 2.49±0.359 ppb) with p-values <0.05. Additionally, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.424, p<0.001) was observed between Pb and Ni levels in β-TM patients. These findings suggest that β-TM patients are at an elevated risk of heavy metal accumulation, potentially contributing to their clinical complications. This study underscores the importance of monitoring heavy metal levels in β-TM patients and may inform future therapeutic strategies to mitigate heavy metal toxicity in this vulnerable population.

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