Detection The Uropathogens That Cause Urinary Tract Infections In Women And Their Antibiotic Sensitivity In Kerbala Governorate
Keywords:
Urinary Tract Infection In Women, Uropathogens, Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing.
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are serious serious 21st-century worldwide health issue that annually affects millions of men and women of all ages. The risk of a UTI is 30 times higher in women than in males. At some point in their life, up to 60% of women will experience a UTI. A UTI is defined as the presence of microbial pathogens in the urinary tract and affects various regions of the urinary tract. The purpose of the current investigation was to identify the agents responsible for women's UTIs and the degree of antibiotic sensitivity.Sixty urine samples were collected from women with UTIs from Al-Haydaria and Al-Khairat Center Hospitals. The urine samples were transported to the College of Applied Medical Sciences-department of Environmental Health-Microbiology laboratory and aerobically cultivated on the bacterial media Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, and Blood agar media, then, after detecting the bacterial causative agents of UTIs in women. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed for the bacterial isolates according to Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. In The Results, from sixty urine samples, Gram’s Negative bacteria represented by Escherichia coli were 38 (63.33%) with the significant importance, then, Gram’s positive bacteria represented by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were 8 (13.33%) and Mixed (G-ve and G+ve) bacteria were 14 (23.33%) in both Al-Haydaria and Al-Khairat Center Hospitals. in the present study the most 39/60 (65%) of affected women with UTIs were between (17–30) years old. As well as, Most Gram’s negative bacteria were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, and Amikacin, and were resistant to Azthromycin, and Ceftazidim, on the other hand, Gram’s positive bacteria had intermediate resistance reactions to Ciprofloxacin, and Amikacin, as well as, Gram’s positive bacteria were resistant to Azthromycin, Gentamycin, Ceftazidim, and Amoxicillin Antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the most effective antibiotics against Gram’s negative bacteria were Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, and Amikacin, moreover, Gram’s positive bacteria had intermediate resistance against Ciprofloxacin, and Amikacin so, these antibiotics can be considered as drugs of choice for treatment of women with the clinical signs of UTIs who attended both Al-Haydaria and Al-Khairat Center Hospitals.
References
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Olds SB, Ladewig W, Davidson MR, *Maternal Newborn Nursing and Women's Healthcare*, 7th ed. New Jersey, United States of America: 2004, p. 12022.
Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Scott J, Hultgren, "Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options," *Journal of Nursing Today*, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 2016.
Hotchandani R, Aggarwal KK, "Urinary Tract Infections in Women," *Indian Journal of Clinical Practice*, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 187-192, 2012.
Al-Badr A, Al-Shaikh G, "Recurrent urinary tract infections management in women: A review," *Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal*, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 359-67, 2013.
Anuli S, Clement I, Basseye A, "Review on the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection among adults," *European Journal of Experimental Biology*, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7-11, 2016.
Lee AC, Quaiyum MA, Mullany LC, et al., "Screening and treatment of maternal genitourinary tract infections in early pregnancy to prevent preterm birth in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh: A cluster randomized trial," *BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth*, vol. 15, p. 326, 2015.
Stamm WE, Norrby SR, "Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges," *Journal of Infectious Diseases*, vol. 183, Suppl 1, pp. S1–S4, 2001.
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Naber KG, Schito G, Botto H, Palou J, Mazzei T, "Surveillance study in Europe and Brazil on clinical aspects and Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology in women with Cystitis (ARESC): implications for empiric therapy," *European Urology*, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1164-75, 2008.
Foxman B, Barlow R, D’Arcy H, Gillespie B, Sobel JD, "Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs," *Annals of Epidemiology*, vol. 10, pp. 509–15, 2000.
David RD, DeBlieux PM, Press R, "Rational antibiotic treatment of outpatient genitourinary infections in a changing environment," *American Journal of Medicine*, vol. 118, Suppl 7A, pp. 7S-13S, 2005.
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Morris AK, Masterton RG, "Antibiotic resistance surveillance: action for international studies," *Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy*, vol. 49, pp. 7-10, 2002.
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Subashchandranose S, et al., "Host-specific induction of Escherichia coli fitness genes during human urinary tract infection," *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*, vol. 111, pp. 18327–18332, 2014.
Albert X, Huertas I, Pereiro I, Sanfelix J, Gosalbes V, Perrotta C, "Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women," *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, no. 3, p. CD001209, 2004.
Hooton TM, Stamm WE, "Management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults," *Medical Clinics of North America*, vol. 75, pp. 339–57, 1991.
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Josef Peter G, Ojan A, Michael B, Axel K, "Incidence and clinical implication of nosocomial infections associated with implantable bio materials catheters, ventilator associated pneumonia urinary tract infections," *GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip*, vol. 6, no. 1, p. Doc 18, 2011.
Akmal Hasan SK, Naveen Kumar T, Radha Kishan N, Neetha K, "Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections using diagnostics tests in adult patients," *International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences*, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 415-421, 2014.
Koffuor GA, Boye A, Siakwa PM, et al., "Asymptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Cape Coast, Ghana," *E3 Journal of Medical Research*, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 74‒83, 2012.
Lucas MJ, Cunningham FG, "Urinary tract infections in pregnancy," *Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology*, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 855‒868, 1993.
Gupta K, Stamm WE, "Pathogenesis and management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women," *World Journal of Urology*, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 415‒420, 1990.
Rahimkhani M, Khaveri-Daneshvar H, Sharifian R, "Asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in pregnancy," *Acta Medica Iranica*, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 409‒412, 2008.
Dafnis E, Sabatini S, "The effect of pregnancy on renal function: physiology and pathophysiology," *American Journal of Medical Sciences*, vol. 303, no. 3, pp. 184‒205, 1992.
Fatima N, Ishrat S, "Frequency and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy," *Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan*, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 273‒275, 2006.
Vasudevan R, "Urinary tract infection: an overview of the infection and the associated risk factors," *Journal of Microbiology Experimentation*, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 42‒54, 2014.
Harding GK, Zhanel GG, Nicolle LE, et al., "Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria," *New England Journal of Medicine*, vol. 347, no. 20, pp. 1576‒1583, 2002.
Smaill F, Vazquez JC, "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy," *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, no. 2, p. CD000490, 2007.
Tan CK, Ulett KB, Steele M, et al., "Prognostic value of semi-quantitative bacteriuria counts in the diagnosis of group B streptococcus urinary tract infection: a 4-year retrospective study in adult patients," *BMC Infectious Diseases*, vol. 12, p. 273, 2012.
Emilie KJ, Edward DK, FACS, "UTIs in pregnancy," *International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents*, pp. 85‒90, 2011.
Ipe DS, Sundac L, Benjamin WH Jr, et al., "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: prevalence rates of causal microorganisms, etiology of infection in different patient populations, and recent advances in molecular detection," *FEMS Microbiology Letters*, vol. 346, no. 1, pp. 1‒10, 2013.
Turpin C, Minkah B, Danso K, et al., "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana," *Ghana
Medical Journal*, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 26‒28, 2007.
Olusanya O, Ogunledun A, Fakoya TA, "Asymptomatic significant bacteriuria among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Sagamu, Nigeria," *West African Journal of Medicine*, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 27‒33, 1993.
Akerele J, Abhulimen P, Okonofua F, "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Benin City, Nigeria," *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology*, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 141‒144, 2001.
Sibiani SAA, "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women in Jeddah, Western Region of Saudi Arabia: Call for Assessment," *JKAU Medical Sciences*, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 29‒42, 2010.
Jones LA, Woodman PJ, Ruiz HE, "Urinary tract infection during pregnancy," *E Medicine*, 2009.
Sescon NIC, Garingalao-Molina FD, Ycasiano CEJ, et al., "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risks factors in pregnant women," *Philippine Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases*, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 63‒69, 2003.
Muder RR, Brennen C, Rihs JD, et al., "Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the urinary tract: association of isolation with symptomatic urinary tract infection and subsequent staphylococcal bacteremia," *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 46‒50, 2006.
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Ugbogu O, Ogbonnaya R, Nworie O, "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Aba," *Nigeria Journal of Microbiology*, vol. 24, pp. 2024‒2027, 2010.
Obirikorang C, Quaye L, Bio FY, et al., "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the University Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana," *Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences*, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 38‒44, 2012.
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Saffar MJ, Enayti AA, Abdolla IA, Razai MS, Ssffar M, "Antibacterial Susceptibility of Uropathogens in Three Hospitals, Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran," *Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal*, vol. 14, no. 3, 2008.
Tambekar DH, Dhanorkar DV, Gulhane SR, Khandelwal M, Dudhane MN, "Antibacterial Susceptibility of Some Urinary Tract Pathogens to Commonly Used Antibiotics," *African Journal of Biotechnology*, vol. 5, no. 17, pp. 1562-1565, September 2006.
Kenechukwu M, Chinekwu O, Davidson N, Golibe U, "Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections at a Tertiary Hospital," *Journal of Nigeria Medical Students*, 2006.
Grude N, Tveten Y, Kristiansen B-E, "Urinary tract infections in Norway: bacterial etiology and susceptibility. A retrospective study of clinical isolates," *Clinical Microbiology and Infection*, vol. 7, pp. 543–7, 2001.
Gupta K, Sahm DF, Mayfield D, Stamm WE, "Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis," *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, vol. 33, pp. 89–94, 2001.
Bouza E, San Juan R, Munoz P, Voss A, Kluytmans J, "A European perspective on nosocomial urinary tract infections II. Report on incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome (ESGNI-004 study)," *Clinical Microbiology and Infection*, vol. 7, pp. 523–31, 2001.
Sobel JD, Kaye D, *Urinary Tract Infections*, in: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, eds. *Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases*, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2014, pp. 886-913.
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al., "International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases," *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, vol. 52, pp. e103-e120, 2011.
Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Critchley I, Kelly LJ, Sahm DF, "Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract pathogens isolated from women outpatients across the US in 1999," *International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents*, vol. 18, pp. 121–127, 2001.
Al-Jawadi DA, "Urinary tract infections among pregnant," 2012.
Thakur S, "A Study on Reoccurrence of UTI in Indian Women," *International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)*, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 352-356, 2019.
"Urinary Tract Infections (adult): Empirical Treatment Clinical Guideline Version 2.1," pp. 1-13, 25 August 2022.
Dason S, Dason JT, Kapoor A, "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women," *Canadian Urological Association Journal*, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 316–322, 2011.
Olds SB, Ladewig W, Davidson MR, *Maternal Newborn Nursing and Women's Healthcare*, 7th ed. New Jersey, United States of America: 2004, p. 12022.
Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Scott J, Hultgren, "Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options," *Journal of Nursing Today*, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 2016.
Hotchandani R, Aggarwal KK, "Urinary Tract Infections in Women," *Indian Journal of Clinical Practice*, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 187-192, 2012.
Al-Badr A, Al-Shaikh G, "Recurrent urinary tract infections management in women: A review," *Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal*, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 359-67, 2013.
Anuli S, Clement I, Basseye A, "Review on the prevalence and predisposing factors responsible for urinary tract infection among adults," *European Journal of Experimental Biology*, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7-11, 2016.
Lee AC, Quaiyum MA, Mullany LC, et al., "Screening and treatment of maternal genitourinary tract infections in early pregnancy to prevent preterm birth in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh: A cluster randomized trial," *BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth*, vol. 15, p. 326, 2015.
Stamm WE, Norrby SR, "Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges," *Journal of Infectious Diseases*, vol. 183, Suppl 1, pp. S1–S4, 2001.
National Institutes of Health, *The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Advisory Board 1990 Long-Range Plan -- Window on the 21st Century*, Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1990, p. 90:583.
Naber KG, Schito G, Botto H, Palou J, Mazzei T, "Surveillance study in Europe and Brazil on clinical aspects and Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology in women with Cystitis (ARESC): implications for empiric therapy," *European Urology*, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1164-75, 2008.
Foxman B, Barlow R, D’Arcy H, Gillespie B, Sobel JD, "Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs," *Annals of Epidemiology*, vol. 10, pp. 509–15, 2000.
David RD, DeBlieux PM, Press R, "Rational antibiotic treatment of outpatient genitourinary infections in a changing environment," *American Journal of Medicine*, vol. 118, Suppl 7A, pp. 7S-13S, 2005.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, "ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 91: Treatment of urinary tract infections in nonpregnant women," *Obstetrics & Gynecology*, vol. 111, pp. 785–94, 2008.
Morris AK, Masterton RG, "Antibiotic resistance surveillance: action for international studies," *Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy*, vol. 49, pp. 7-10, 2002.
Akshara P, Greeshma J, Divya Mohan UM, Aseem B, "A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Urinary Tract Government Vocational & Higher Secondary School for Girls, Manacaud, Thiruvananthapuram," *Journal of Nursing Today*, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-43, 2016.
Kostakioti M, Hultgren SJ, Hadjifrangiskou M, "Molecular blueprint of uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence provides clues toward the development of anti-virulence therapeutics," *Virulence*, vol. 3, pp. 592–594, 2012.
Subashchandranose S, et al., "Host-specific induction of Escherichia coli fitness genes during human urinary tract infection," *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America*, vol. 111, pp. 18327–18332, 2014.
Albert X, Huertas I, Pereiro I, Sanfelix J, Gosalbes V, Perrotta C, "Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women," *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, no. 3, p. CD001209, 2004.
Hooton TM, Stamm WE, "Management of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults," *Medical Clinics of North America*, vol. 75, pp. 339–57, 1991.
Ananthanarayan R, Jayaram Paniker CK, *Urinary Tract Infections*, in: Kapil A, eds. *Text Book of Microbiology*, 9th ed., Hyderabad, India: University Press, 2013, p. 671.
Josef Peter G, Ojan A, Michael B, Axel K, "Incidence and clinical implication of nosocomial infections associated with implantable bio materials catheters, ventilator associated pneumonia urinary tract infections," *GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip*, vol. 6, no. 1, p. Doc 18, 2011.
Akmal Hasan SK, Naveen Kumar T, Radha Kishan N, Neetha K, "Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections using diagnostics tests in adult patients," *International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences*, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 415-421, 2014.
Koffuor GA, Boye A, Siakwa PM, et al., "Asymptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Cape Coast, Ghana," *E3 Journal of Medical Research*, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 74‒83, 2012.
Lucas MJ, Cunningham FG, "Urinary tract infections in pregnancy," *Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology*, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 855‒868, 1993.
Gupta K, Stamm WE, "Pathogenesis and management of recurrent urinary tract infections in women," *World Journal of Urology*, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 415‒420, 1990.
Rahimkhani M, Khaveri-Daneshvar H, Sharifian R, "Asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in pregnancy," *Acta Medica Iranica*, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 409‒412, 2008.
Dafnis E, Sabatini S, "The effect of pregnancy on renal function: physiology and pathophysiology," *American Journal of Medical Sciences*, vol. 303, no. 3, pp. 184‒205, 1992.
Fatima N, Ishrat S, "Frequency and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy," *Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan*, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 273‒275, 2006.
Vasudevan R, "Urinary tract infection: an overview of the infection and the associated risk factors," *Journal of Microbiology Experimentation*, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 42‒54, 2014.
Harding GK, Zhanel GG, Nicolle LE, et al., "Antimicrobial treatment in diabetic women with asymptomatic bacteriuria," *New England Journal of Medicine*, vol. 347, no. 20, pp. 1576‒1583, 2002.
Smaill F, Vazquez JC, "Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy," *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, no. 2, p. CD000490, 2007.
Tan CK, Ulett KB, Steele M, et al., "Prognostic value of semi-quantitative bacteriuria counts in the diagnosis of group B streptococcus urinary tract infection: a 4-year retrospective study in adult patients," *BMC Infectious Diseases*, vol. 12, p. 273, 2012.
Emilie KJ, Edward DK, FACS, "UTIs in pregnancy," *International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents*, pp. 85‒90, 2011.
Ipe DS, Sundac L, Benjamin WH Jr, et al., "Asymptomatic bacteriuria: prevalence rates of causal microorganisms, etiology of infection in different patient populations, and recent advances in molecular detection," *FEMS Microbiology Letters*, vol. 346, no. 1, pp. 1‒10, 2013.
Turpin C, Minkah B, Danso K, et al., "Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana," *Ghana
Medical Journal*, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 26‒28, 2007.
Olusanya O, Ogunledun A, Fakoya TA, "Asymptomatic significant bacteriuria among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Sagamu, Nigeria," *West African Journal of Medicine*, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 27‒33, 1993.
Akerele J, Abhulimen P, Okonofua F, "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Benin City, Nigeria," *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology*, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 141‒144, 2001.
Sibiani SAA, "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women in Jeddah, Western Region of Saudi Arabia: Call for Assessment," *JKAU Medical Sciences*, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 29‒42, 2010.
Jones LA, Woodman PJ, Ruiz HE, "Urinary tract infection during pregnancy," *E Medicine*, 2009.
Sescon NIC, Garingalao-Molina FD, Ycasiano CEJ, et al., "Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and associated risks factors in pregnant women," *Philippine Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases*, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 63‒69, 2003.
Muder RR, Brennen C, Rihs JD, et al., "Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the urinary tract: association of isolation with symptomatic urinary tract infection and subsequent staphylococcal bacteremia," *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 46‒50, 2006.
Demuth PJ, Gerding DN, Crossley K, "Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriuria," *Archives of Internal Medicine*, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 78‒80, 1979.
Pratt RJ, Pellowe C, Loveday HP, et al., "The epic project: developing national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare associated infections. Phase I: Guidelines for preventing hospital-acquired infections," *Journal of Hospital Infection*, vol. 47 Suppl, pp. S3‒S82, 2001.
Ugbogu O, Ogbonnaya R, Nworie O, "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Aba," *Nigeria Journal of Microbiology*, vol. 24, pp. 2024‒2027, 2010.
Obirikorang C, Quaye L, Bio FY, et al., "Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the University Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana," *Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences*, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 38‒44, 2012.
Antibiotic Expert Groups, *Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic* (v. 16), Melbourne, 2019.
Collee JG, Fraser AJ, Marmion BP, Simmons A, eds., *Mackie and McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology*, 14th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1996.
Saffar MJ, Enayti AA, Abdolla IA, Razai MS, Ssffar M, "Antibacterial Susceptibility of Uropathogens in Three Hospitals, Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran," *Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal*, vol. 14, no. 3, 2008.
Tambekar DH, Dhanorkar DV, Gulhane SR, Khandelwal M, Dudhane MN, "Antibacterial Susceptibility of Some Urinary Tract Pathogens to Commonly Used Antibiotics," *African Journal of Biotechnology*, vol. 5, no. 17, pp. 1562-1565, September 2006.
Kenechukwu M, Chinekwu O, Davidson N, Golibe U, "Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections at a Tertiary Hospital," *Journal of Nigeria Medical Students*, 2006.
Grude N, Tveten Y, Kristiansen B-E, "Urinary tract infections in Norway: bacterial etiology and susceptibility. A retrospective study of clinical isolates," *Clinical Microbiology and Infection*, vol. 7, pp. 543–7, 2001.
Gupta K, Sahm DF, Mayfield D, Stamm WE, "Antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens that cause community-acquired urinary tract infections in women: a nationwide analysis," *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, vol. 33, pp. 89–94, 2001.
Bouza E, San Juan R, Munoz P, Voss A, Kluytmans J, "A European perspective on nosocomial urinary tract infections II. Report on incidence, clinical characteristics and outcome (ESGNI-004 study)," *Clinical Microbiology and Infection*, vol. 7, pp. 523–31, 2001.
Sobel JD, Kaye D, *Urinary Tract Infections*, in: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, eds. *Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases*, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2014, pp. 886-913.
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG, et al., "International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases," *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, vol. 52, pp. e103-e120, 2011.
Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Critchley I, Kelly LJ, Sahm DF, "Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract pathogens isolated from women outpatients across the US in 1999," *International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents*, vol. 18, pp. 121–127, 2001.
Al-Jawadi DA, "Urinary tract infections among pregnant," 2012.
Thakur S, "A Study on Reoccurrence of UTI in Indian Women," *International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)*, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 352-356, 2019.
"Urinary Tract Infections (adult): Empirical Treatment Clinical Guideline Version 2.1," pp. 1-13, 25 August 2022.
Dason S, Dason JT, Kapoor A, "Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women," *Canadian Urological Association Journal*, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 316–322, 2011.
Published
2024-08-02
How to Cite
Eman Hassan Ali, Hawraa Khudiar Jawad, Riyadh Mohsen Nasser, Zainab Jawad Kadhim, & Adil Ateyah ALnasrawiy. (2024). Detection The Uropathogens That Cause Urinary Tract Infections In Women And Their Antibiotic Sensitivity In Kerbala Governorate. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(4), 309-326. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/2554
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