Smoking Trends Among Secondary Students in Kirkuk
Abstract
Smoking is a major contributor to health disparities, associated with numerous illnesses including cancer and coronary heart disease. Despite extensive research on the health consequences of smoking, there remains a gap in understanding smoking behaviors among adolescents. This study investigates smoking behaviors and related factors among secondary school students in Kirkuk City. Employing a cross-sectional design, a sample of 119 students was surveyed using simple random sampling. Results reveal a prevalence of daily smoking among adolescents, indicating a habitual pattern, alongside intermittent smoking behaviors suggesting experimentation or occasional use. These findings underscore the varied smoking patterns among adolescents and highlight the need for targeted interventions to address smoking prevalence and promote adolescent health.
References
N. A. Mahmood, S. M. Othman, N. G. Al-Tawil, and T. S. Al-Hadithi, "Impact of an education intervention on knowledge of high school students concerning substance use in Kurdistan Region-Iraq: A quasi-experimental study," *PloS One*, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. e0206063, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206063
G. Zaatari and A. Bazzi, "Impact of the WHO FCTC on non-cigarette tobacco products," *Tobacco Control*, vol. 28, no. Suppl 2, pp. s104-s112, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054346
H. S. Salih, "Evaluation of quality of life for secondary school students in Kirkuk City," *Journal of Tikrit University for the Humanities*, vol. 24, no. 2, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.25130/hum.v24i2.281
E. R. Gritz, R. Talluri, J. F. Domgue, I. Tami-Maury, and S. Shete, "Smoking behaviors in survivors of smoking-related and non-smoking-related cancers," *JAMA Network Open*, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. e209072, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://jamanetwork.com
J. Rey-Brandariz et al., "Tobacco Patterns and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Results From a Cross-Sectional Study," *Archivos de Bronconeumología*, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 717-724, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com
D. C. L. Lam et al., "Lung Cancer screening in Asia: an expert consensus report," *Journal of Thoracic Oncology*, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1303-1322, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com
S. Guo, M. Chen, C. T. Okoli, and Y. Chiang, "Effectiveness of Smoking Prevention Programs on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Anti-Smoking Exposure Self-Efficacy among Non-Smoking Rural Seventh-Grade Students in Taiwan," *International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health*, 2022.
C. T. Leshargie et al., "The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis," *PloS One*, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. e0222572, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222572
F. Carrión-Valero, J. A. Ribera-Osca, J. M. Martin-Moreno, and A. Martín-Gorgojo, "Prevention of tobacco use in an adolescent population through a multi-personal intervention model," *Tobacco Prevention and Cessation (Online)*, vol. 9, pp. 1-10, Dec. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/175065
E. Perikleous, P. Steiropoulos, E. Paraskakis, T. C. Constantinidis, and E. Nena, "E-Cigarette use among Adolescents: An Overview of the literature and future Perspectives," *Frontiers in Public Health*, vol. 6, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00086
M. Lin et al., "Factors influencing adolescent experimental and current smoking behaviors based on social cognitive theory: A cross-sectional study in Xiamen," *Frontiers in Public Health*, vol. 11, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1093264
