Post-Pandemic Sleep Disorders: Understanding Insomnia in the Aftermath of COVID-19
Abstract
Sleep issues after recovery have gotten a limited amount of investigation, despite the fact that the effects of COVID-19 are becoming more commonly understood. Students which had made a full recovery from COVID-19 were compared to individuals who had never been infected in order to determine the links between the between sleep interruptions and students who had recovered. In this research, both students evaluations were conducted on pupils who had recovered from COVID-19 as well as individuals who had never been infected again. The students were paired using age, gender, education and socioeconomic background. The study had a total of 110 participating students. In-between November of 2021 and March of 2022, students from the Pharmacy College and other colleges belonging to Al-Qadisiyah University were selected. A socio-demographic and clinical checklist was used together with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale in the interviews done with participants. Other measures used in this study include the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. However, fifty percent of those who recovered reported sleep problems whereas fifty percent of those that were nonrecoverable cases did not. A total of fifty-five percent (55/1110) of recovered COVID-19 students and one hundred percent (55/55) of control participants were found to have sleep disturbances, respectively. The recovered participants, with the exception of those who used medications, exhibited significantly higher levels of sleep instabilities across all domains that were measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. This group of domains comprised There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the quality of sleep, latency, duration, efficiency, disruptions, and daytime dysfunction, as well as the overall PSQI score (P ≤ 0.001). First, it was demonstrated that students suffering from covid 19 recovered have a worse subjective sleep quality and that major depressive symptoms did not contribute significantly to sleep measure and numerous researchers have agreed on the need for further researches in order to uncover the complex relationship between Covid 19 and sleep. 2.3%, confidence interval with a 95% rate: Some typical symptoms of the sleep disorder include are measures of sleep quality and some indicators of the hyperhidrosis and abnormal pandemic waters of the covid-19. The Covid-19’s relationship to sleep difficulties is still a researchable area of concern as a possible consequence of COVID-19. This is because COVID-19 has the capacity to affect either the physical or the psychic that leads to the impairment of either psychic or physical functions.
References
V. K. Sharma, C. Jinadatha, and E. Lichtfouse, “Environmental chemistry is most relevant to study coronavirus pandemics,” Environ Chem Lett, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10311-020-01017-6.
World Health Organization, “Director Generals opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-March 11th.[Internet]. 2020.” 2020.
S. Liu et al., “Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak,” The Lancet …, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(20)30077-8/fulltext
…, S. Alharbi, R. Alshehri, E. M. Aldggag, A. T. Aljoudi, and ..., “Fear at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: validation of the Arabic version of the Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire among Saudi-based respondents,” BJPsych Open, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-open/article/fear-at-the-time-of-the-covid19-pandemic-validation-of-the-arabic-version-of-the-fourdimensional-symptom-questionnaire-among-saudibased-respondents/5E1F4CED4BC9B2B308730DA41855DBFC
M. Abdelghani, H. M. El-Gohary, E. Fouad, and ..., “Addressing the relationship between perceived fear of COVID-19 virus infection and emergence of burnout symptoms in a sample of Egyptian physicians …,” Middle East Current …, 2020, doi: 10.1186/s43045-020-00079-0.
S. Galea, R. M. Merchant, and N. Lurie, “The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention,” JAMA Intern Med, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2764404
J. P. Rogers, E. Chesney, D. Oliver, T. A. Pollak, and ..., “Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the …,” The Lancet …, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(20)30203-0/fulltext
J. Deng, F. Zhou, W. Hou, Z. Silver, and ..., “The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID‐19 patients: a meta‐analysis,” Annals of the new …, 2021, doi: 10.1111/Nyas.14506.
J. Zhang, H. Lu, H. Zeng, S. Zhang, Q. Du, and ..., “The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,” Brain, behavior, and …, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156946/
E. Info, “6 (Version 6.04 d). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA,” World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 2001.
M. B. First, “Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (SCID),” The encyclopedia of clinical psychology, 2014, doi: 10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp351.
F. L. Osório, S. R. Loureiro, J. E. C. Hallak, and ..., “Clinical validity and intrarater and test–retest reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐5–Clinician Version (SCID‐5‐CV),” Psychiatry and …, 2019, doi: 10.1111/pcn.12931.
S. A. Shankman, C. J. Funkhouser, and ..., “Reliability and validity of severity dimensions of psychopathology assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐5 (SCID),” … journal of methods …, 2018, doi: 10.1002/mpr.1590.
A. S. Zigmond and R. P. Snaith, “The hospital anxiety and depression scale,” Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1983, doi: 10.1111/J.1600-0447.1983.Tb09716.X.
O. El-Rufaie and G. Absood, “Validity study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale among a group of Saudi patients,” The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1987, [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/validity-study-of-the-hospital-anxiety-and-depression-scale-among-a-group-of-saudi-patients/E68DF06A54E37D391850431F179E9758
B. Sheng, S. K. W. Cheng, K. K. Lau, H. L. Li, and ..., “The effects of disease severity, use of corticosteroids and social factors on neuropsychiatric complaints in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients at acute …,” European …, 2005, [Online]. Available: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-psychiatry/article/effects-of-disease-severity-use-of-corticosteroids-and-social-factors-on-neuropsychiatric-complaints-in-severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-sars-patients-at-acute-and-convalescent-phases/01D14CD214DB0AC0488C60770CEC20F9
A. Mohammed, T. L. Sheikh, S. Gidado, G. Poggensee, and ..., “An evaluation of psychological distress and social support of survivors and contacts of Ebola virus disease infection and their relatives in Lagos, Nigeria: a …,” BMC Public Health, 2015, doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2167-6.
M. J. Cameron, J. F. Bermejo-Martin, A. Danesh, M. P. Muller, and ..., “Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),” Virus Res, 2008, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170207000548
R. Channappanavar and S. Perlman, “Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology,” Semin Immunopathol, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s00281-017-0629-x.
G. M. Arisi, “Nervous and immune systems signals and connections: cytokines in hippocampus physiology and pathology,” Epilepsy &Behavior, 2014, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525505014000304
Y. C. Li, W. Z. Bai, and T. Hashikawa, “The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients,” J Med Virol, 2020, doi: 10.1002/jmv.25728.
R. Bhayana, A. Som, M. D. Li, D. E. Carey, M. A. Anderson, and ..., “Abdominal imaging findings in COVID-19: preliminary observations,” Radiology, 2020, doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020201908.
K. F. To and A. W. I. Lo, “Exploring the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): the tissue distribution of the coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and its putative receptor, angiotensin …,” The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the …, 2004, doi: 10.1002/path.1597.
Q. Ye, B. Wang, and J. Mao, “The pathogenesis and treatment of theCytokine Storm’in COVID-19,” Journal of infection, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445320301651
H. Xiao, Y. Zhang, D. Kong, S. Li, and ..., “Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in …,” Medical science monitor …, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111105/
F. Borgonovi and E. Andrieu, “Bowling together by bowling alone: Social capital and Covid-19,” Social science &medicine, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953620307206
J. M. Mullington, M. Haack, M. Toth, J. M. Serrador, and ..., “Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation,” Progress in …, 2009, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033062008000911
M. G. Mazza, “COVID‐19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group, Benedetti F. Anxiety and depression in COVID‐19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors,” Brain Behav Immun., 2020, [Online]. Available: https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370857593780342025
Y. Otsuka, Y. Kaneita, O. Itani, S. Nakagome, M. Jike, and ..., “Relationship between stress coping and sleep disorders among the general Japanese population: a nationwide representative survey,” Sleep Med, 2017, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389945717302575
B. M. Altevogt and H. R. Colten, Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem. books.google.com, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3bVTAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT39&dq=sleep+disorders+and+sleep+deprivation+an+unmet+public+health+problem&ots=jwoTjioWJo&sig=xx2E8TPJ-qnNmvu1DqnpA9zq1MY
E. K. Seng, C. Cervoni, J. L. Lawson, and ..., “The burden of sleep problems: A pilot observational study in an ethnically diverse urban primary care setting,” Journal of primary …, 2016, doi: 10.1177/2150131916651068.
V. K. Chattu, M. D. Manzar, S. Kumary, D. Burman, and ..., “The global problem of insufficient sleep and its serious public health implications,” Healthcare, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/7/1/1
World Health Organization, “Criteria for releasing COVID-19 patients from isolation: scientific brief,” (No Title), 2020, [Online]. Available: https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370017282242848783
D. J. Buysse, C. F. R. III, T. H. Monk, S. R. Berman, and ..., “The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research,” Psychiatry …, 1989, [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165178189900474
K. H. Suleiman, B. C. Yates, A. M. Berger, and ..., “Translating the Pittsburgh sleep quality index into Arabic,” Western journal of …, 2010, doi: 10.1177/0193945909348230.
M. E. Dyken, T. Yamada, and H. A. Berger, “Transient obstructive sleep apnea and asystole in association with presumed viral encephalopathy,” Neurology, 2003, doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000064166.82077.EB.
S. Tasnim et al., “Epidemiology of sleep disorders during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic scoping review,” MedRxiv, 2020, doi: 10.1101/2020.10.08.20209148.abstract.
H. Jahrami, A. S. BaHammam, N. L. Bragazzi, and ..., “Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” … of Clinical Sleep …, 2021, doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8930.
K. Wu and X. Wei, “Analysis of psychological and sleep status and exercise rehabilitation of front-line clinical staff in the fight against COVID-19 in China,” Med Sci Monit Basic Res, 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241216/
M. A. Grandner, N. J. Jackson, V. M. Pak, and ..., “Sleep disturbance is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders,” Journal of sleep …, 2012, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00990.x.