DETERMINATION OF CANCER MARKER CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) AND LEVELS OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE, TESTOSTERONE IN SERUM OF SMOKER MAN THAT CORRELATE TO SEMEN PARAMETERS IN BAGHDAD CITY CAVIL’S
Keywords:
Testosterone hormones, CEA, semen, subfertility, smoking
Abstract
Objective: Subfertility, erectile dysfunction, recurrent abortions, and other health problems are associated with smoking, which is a rapidly expanding global epidemic. Furthermore, the impact on the male endocrine system, particularly testosterone levels, is an ongoing topic of debate due to the contradictory findings that have been recorded. Using a non-smoking control group (n=50) and a group of male smokers (n=90), the researchers examined the effects of smoking on serum free testosterone (T) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In regards to serum free testosterone (T), which was 15% higher in smoker cases (p < 0.01), and on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and the P values is < 0.001 and less than 0.001, respectively, our study found a positive and statistically significant difference between the smoker and non-smoker groups. Furthermore, a negative link between smoking duration and semen parameters was shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Further evidence that smoking has beneficial effects on blood testosterone and CEA concentrations was added to the current investigation.
References
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1.
2. Islami F, Stoklosa M, Drope J, Jemal A. Global and regional patterns of tobacco smoking and tobacco control policies. European urology focus. 2015;1(1):3-16.
3. Mendel JR, Baig SA, Hall MG, Jeong M, Byron MJ, Morgan JC, et al. Brand switching and toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke: A national study. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0189928.
4. Onor IO, Stirling DL, Williams SR, Bediako D, Borghol A, Harris MB, et al. Clinical effects of cigarette smoking: epidemiologic impact and review of pharmacotherapy options. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2017;14(10):1147.
5. Allen MS, Tostes RC. Cigarette smoking and erectile dysfunction: an updated review with a focus on pathophysiology, e-cigarettes, and smoking cessation. Sexual Medicine Reviews. 2023;11(1):61-73.
6. Armstrong TA, Boisvert DL, Wells J, Lewis RH, Cooke EM, Woeckener M, et al. Testosterone, cortisol, and criminal behavior in men and women. Hormones and behavior. 2022;146:105260.
7. Ad M. Biological actions of androgens. Endocr Rev. 1987;8:1-28.
8. Bassil N, Alkaade S, Morley JE. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management. 2009:427-48.
9. Tuck S, Francis R. Testosterone, bone and osteoporosis. Advances in the management of testosterone deficiency. 2009;37:123-32.
10. Wang J, Yan AF, Cheskin LJ, Shi Z. Higher serum testosterone level was associated with a lower risk of prediabetes in US adults: findings from nationally representative data. Nutrients. 2022;15(1):9.
11. Gan N, Jia L, Zheng L. A sandwich electrochemical immunosensor using magnetic DNA nanoprobes for carcinoembryonic antigen. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011;12(11):7410-23.
12. Ferastraoaru D, Bax H, Bergmann C, Capron M, Castells M, Dombrowicz D, et al. AllergoOncology: ultra-low IgE, a potential novel biomarker in cancer—a Position Paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Clinical and translational allergy. 2020;10(1):32.
13. Thomas SN, Zhu F, Schnaar RL, Alves CS, Konstantopoulos K. Carcinoembryonic antigen and CD44 variant isoforms cooperate to mediate colon carcinoma cell adhesion to E-and L-selectin in shear flow. Journal of biological chemistry. 2008;283(23):15647-55.
14. Konstantopoulos K, Thomas SN. Cancer cells in transit: the vascular interactions of tumor cells. Annual review of biomedical engineering. 2009;11:177-202.
15. Yeap BB, Almeida OP, Hyde Z, Norman PE, Chubb SP, Jamrozik K, et al. In men older than 70 years, total testosterone remains stable while free testosterone declines with age. The Health in Men Study. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2007;156(5):585-94.
16. KIT CACEI. CEA ELISA.
17. Nordhoff V, Baldi E, Hellenkemper B, Nieschlag E. Semen Analysis. Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction: Springer; 2023. p. 151-63.
18. Organization WH. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025. 2021.
19. De Brucker S, Drakopoulos P, Dhooghe E, De Geeter J, Uvin V, Santos-Ribeiro S, et al. The effect of cigarette smoking on the semen parameters of infertile men. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2020;36(12):1127-30.
20. Ou Z, Wen Q, Deng Y, Yu Y, Chen Z, Sun L. Cigarette smoking is associated with high level of ferroptosis in seminal plasma and affects semen quality. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2020;18:1-8.
21. Osadchuk L, Kleshchev M, Osadchuk A. Effects of cigarette smoking on semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, metabolic profile, zinc and sperm DNA fragmentation in men: results from a population-based study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1255304.
22. Henriques MC, Santiago J, Patrício A, Herdeiro MT, Loureiro S, Fardilha M. Smoking Induces a Decline in Semen Quality and the Activation of Stress Response Pathways in Sperm. Antioxidants. 2023;12(10):1828.
23. Ramon R, Warli SM, Rasyid N, Atmoko W. Effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on semen quality and hormone reproductive levels in infertile males: A systematic review and meta analysis. Pharmacia. 2024;71:1-14.
24. Aksakalli T, Utlu A, Demirdogen SO, Cinislioglu AE, Karabulut I. Effects of smoking on varicocelectomy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. International Urology and Nephrology. 2023:1-7.
25. Hærvig KK, Petersen KU, Dornfeldt MM, Bonde JP, Hougaard KS, Ramlau‐Hansen CH, et al. Paternal pre‐conceptional smoking and semen quality in the adult son. Andrology. 2023.
26. Al-Fayez S, El-Metwally A. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2023;21.
27. Yang X, Chen H, Zhang S, Chen X, Sheng Y, Pang J. Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1150.
28. Osadchuk L, Kleshchev M, Osadchuk A. Effects of cigarette smoking on semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, metabolic profile, zinc and sperm DNA fragmentation in men: results from a population-based study. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14.
29. Blanco-Muñoz J, Lacasaña M, Aguilar-Garduño C. Effect of current tobacco consumption on the male reproductive hormone profile. Science of the total environment. 2012;426:100-5.
30. Liu Q, Peng X, Gu Y, Shang X, Zhou Y, Zhang H, et al. Associations between smoking, sex hormone levels and late-onset hypogonadism in men differ depending on age. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(4):5226.
31. Mitra A, Chakraborty B, Mukhopadhay D, Pal M, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, et al. Effect of smoking on semen quality, FSH, testosterone level, and CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene of infertile men in an Indian city. Systems biology in reproductive medicine. 2012;58(5):255-62.
32. Bassey IE, Gali RM, Udoh AE. Fertility hormones and vitamin E in active and passive adult male smokers in Calabar, Nigeria. PloS one. 2018;13(11):e0206504.
33. Richthoff J, Elzanaty S, Rylander L, Hagmar L, Giwercman A. Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males. International journal of andrology. 2008;31(1):31-9.
34. Kankanala VL, Mukkamalla SKR. Carcinoembryonic antigen. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
35. Huang C-S, Chen C-Y, Huang L-K, Wang W-S, Yang S-H. Prognostic value of postoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels in colorectal cancer patients who smoke. PloS one. 2020;15(6):e0233687.
1.
Published
2024-01-26
How to Cite
Dr. Loqman Juma Tawfiq. (2024). DETERMINATION OF CANCER MARKER CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) AND LEVELS OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE, TESTOSTERONE IN SERUM OF SMOKER MAN THAT CORRELATE TO SEMEN PARAMETERS IN BAGHDAD CITY CAVIL’S. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 5(1), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v5i1.2341
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Articles
