Prevalence, Virulence, And Anibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus Xylosus Isolated From Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women with Symptomatic Genital Tract Infection: A Comparison Study
Keywords:
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Abstract
One hundred and seventy four urine specimens were collected from UTI patients women (64 pregnant and 110 non-pregnant) aged 18-45 years, presented with symptomatic genital tract infection, visiting Alkarama teaching hospitals and out patient in wasit for the period from 1.9.2009 to 1.6.2010.
Ten Staphylococcus xylosus were isolated (5.7%): Eight (12.5%) from pregnant and 2 (1.8%) from non-pregnant women. Statistically, there is no significant difference regarding S. xylosus occurence among pregnant and non-pregnant. In both groups of patients,Out of 61 Staphylocci isolates, 13 isolates were diagnosed as Co agulasepositive +ve, 48 isolates as Coagulase Negative Staphylococci CONS, 10 of which were identified as S.xylosus. This identification was confirmed by biochemical tests, Antibiogram and Api staph.
The ability of S. xylosus isolates produce urease, protease, lipase , haemolysin as well as capsule formation, were investigated. Results showed resemblance of all S. xylosus isolates in producing these enzymes in exception of urease production, since 10 isolates were urease positive while 3 isolates were urease negative.
As for antibiogram, all S. xylosus isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacine while 80% of them were resistant to erythromycin.
Two isolates of S. xylosus were elected, on the basis of their multidrug resistant, S. xylosus S7 urease positive and S. xylosus S112 urease nagetive in order to testify their ability to establish UTIIi in mice. Aas one group was injected via intraurethral catheter with S. xylosus S7, another group was injected with S. xylosus S12.
References
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2. Donders G.G.G. (2007). Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. Best Practice & Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol., 21(3): 355-573.
3. Shivadas, A. (2009). Women's health: Vaginitis. In: Carey, W.D. (ed.). Current clinical medicine. WB Saunders Co. USA.
4. French, L.; J. Horton; and M. Matousek (2004). Abnormal vaginal discharge: using office diagnostic testing more effectively. J. Family Practice, 53 (10): 1-13.
5. Donders , G.G.G.; A. Vereecken; E. Bosmans; A. Dekeersmaecker; G. Salembier; and B. Spitz (2003). Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. Inter. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 109(1): 34-43.
6. Donders, G.G.G.; A. Vereecken; E. Bosmans; A. Dekeersmaecker; G. Salembier; and B. Spitz (2005). Aerobic vaginitis: Abnormal vaginal flora entity that is distinct from bacterial vaginisis. Gynecol. Obstet. Rep. Med. In Daily Practice, 1279: 118-29.
7. Lurie, S.; I. Woliswitch; and M. Glezerman (2000). Short anovaginal distance, a risk factor for recurrent vaginitis. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet., 71: 279-80.
8. Mumtaz, S.; M. Ahmad; I. Aftab; N. Akhtar; M. ul Hassan; and A. Hamid (2008). Aerobic vaginal pathogens and their sensitivity pattern. J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad, 20 (1): 113-17.
9. Beigi, R.H.; M.N. Austin; L.A. Meyn; M.A. Krohn; and S.L. Hillier (2004). Antimicrobial resistance associated with the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 191: 1124-1129.
10. Ness, R.B.; S.L. Hillier; K.E. Kip; D.E. Soper; , C.A. Stamm; and J.A. Mcgregor (2004). Bacterial vaginosis and risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet. Gynecol., 104: 761-769.
11. Vandepitte, J.; J. Verhaegen; K. Engbaek; P. Rohner; P. Piot; and C.C. Henck (2003). Basic laboratory procedures in clinical bacteriology (2nd ed.). WHO, Geneva.
12. MacFaddin, J.F. (2000). Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, London.
13. Forbes, B.A.; D.F. Sahm; and A.S. Weissfeld (2002). Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology (11th ed.). Mosby, Inc., USA.
14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2010). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twentieth Informational Supplement. CLSI, M100-S20, vol.30. No. 1.
15. Al-Mohammed, N.T.; K.M. Al-Rawi; M.A. Younis; and W.K. Al-Morani (1986). Principles of Statistics. Al-Mosil University.
16. Cook, S. W.; H. A. Hammill,; and R. A. Hull (2001). Virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolated from female reproductive tract infections and neonatal sepsis. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol., 9:203–207.
17. Lawson, R.G. (2001). Probiotic agents to protect the urogenital tract against infection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (2 suppl.): 437S-43S.
18. Larsen, B. and G.R.G. Monif (2001). Understanding the bacterial flora of the female genital tract. Clin. Infect. Dis., 32: 69-77.
19. Atallah, Y.N.R. (2000). Clinical study to estimate microbial invasion and fetal lung maturity in amniotic fluid at term. M.Sc. thesis, College of Science, Mosul University, p.60. Cited by Abdul-Rahman, G.Y.; N. K. Al-Selevany; and A.H. Rasoul (2008). Occurrence of Gram positive bacteria in vaginitis. J. Dohuk Univ, 11 (1): 40-2.
20. Abdul-Rahman, G.Y.; N. K. Al-Selevany; and A.H. Rasoul (2008). Occurrence of Gram positive bacteria in vaginitis. J. Dohuk Univ, 11 (1): 40-2.
21. Khan, I. and U.A. Khan (2004). A hospital based study of frequency of aerobic pathogens in vaginal infections. Rawal Med. J., 29 (1): 22-5.
22. Andrews, W.W.; R. Schelonka; K. Waites; A. Stamm; S.P. Cliver; S. Moser (2008). Genital tract methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: risk of vertical transmission in pregnant women. Obstet. Gynecol., 111(1): 113-118.
23. Demba, E.; L.Morisom; M.S. van der Loeff; A.A. Awasana; E. Gooding; R. Bailey; P. Mayaud; and B. West (2005). Bacterial vaginosis, vaginal flora patterns and vaginal hygiene practices in patients presenting with vaginal discharge syndrome in the Gambia, West Africa. BMC Infect. Dis., 5: 12.
24. Rosenstein, I.J.; E.A. Fontaine; D.J. Morgan; M. Sheehan; R.F. Lamont; and D. Taylor-Robinson (1997). Relationship between hydrogen peroxide-producing strains of lactobacilli and vaginosis-associated bacterial species in pregnant women. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 16 (7): 517-22.
25. Monif, G.R.G. and H.J. Carson (1998). Female genital tract bacterial co-isolates with Candida albicans in patients without clinical vaginitis. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol., 6: 52-(11).
26. Kasper, D. L.; E. Braunwald; A.S. Fauci; S.L. Hauser,; D.L. Longo,; and J. L. Jameson (2005). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (16th ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 814-23.
27. Reid, G. and A.W. Bruce (2003). Urogenital infections in women: can probiotics help? Postgraduate Medical J., 79: 428-32.
28. Schlivert, P.M.; L.C. Case; K.L. Strandberg; L. Timothy; T.L. Tripp; Y.C.Lin; and M.L. Paterson (2007). Vaginal Staphylococcus aureus superantigen profile-shift from 1980 and 1981 to 2003, 2004, and 2005. J. Clin. Microbiol.,45: 2704-7.
29. Carson, H.J.; P.G. Lapoint; and G.R.G. Monif (1998). Interrelationships within the bacterial flora of the female genital tract. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol., 5 (4): 303-9.
30. da Cuhna, M.S.; S.S. Rugolo; and C.A.M. Lopes (2006). Study of virulence factors in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from newborns. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 101 (6): 661-8.
31. Zunin, A.; P. Martinetto; A. Achino; and P. Viviani (1981). Vaginal bacterial flora under normal conditions and in frequently encountered gynecological pathologies. G. Batteriol. Virol. Immunol., 74(7-12): 320-34.
32. Otto, M. (2004). Virulence factors of the coagulase-negative staphylococci. Frontiers in Bioscience, 9: 841-63.
33. Longauerova, A. (2006). Coagulase negative staphylococci and their participation in pathogenesis of human infections. Bratisal Lek Listy, 107 (11-12): 448-52.
34. Rosenstein, J. R.; D.J. Morgan; M. Sheehan; R.F. Lamont; and D. Taylor-Robinson (1996). Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: distribution of bacterial species in different gram-stain categories of the vaginal flora. J. Med. Microbiol., 45: 120-6.
35. Chaisilwattana, P. and G.R.G. Monif (1995). In vitro ability of group B streptococci to inhibit Gram-positive and Gram-variable constituents of the bacterial flora of the female genital tract. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol., 3: 91-7.
36. Schuchat, A.; M. Oxtoby; S. Cochi; R.K. Sikes; A. Hightower; B. Plikaytis; C. V. Broome (1990). Population-based risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: results of a cohor study in metropolitan Atlanta. J. Infect. Dis., 162: 672-7.
37. Obata-Yasuka, M.; W. Ba-Thein; T. Tsukamoto; H. Yoshikawa; and H .Hayashi (2002). Vaginal Escherichia coli share common virulence factor profiles, serotypes and phylogeny with other extraintestinal E. coli. Microbiol., 148: 2745-2752.
38. Hillier, S.L.; M.A. Krohn; L.K. Rabe; S.J. Klebanoff; and D.A. Eschenbach (1993). The normal vaginal flora, H2O2-producing lactobacilli, and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin. Infect. Dis., 16 (suppl. 4): S273-281.
39. Watt, S.; P.Lanotte; L. Mereghetti; M. Moulin-Schouleur; B. Picard; and R. Quentin (2003). Eschierichia coli strains from pregnant women and neonates: intraspecies genetic distribution and prevalence of virulence factors. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41 (5): 1929-1935.
40. Birosoval, E.; L. Siegfried; M. Kmet'ova; A. Makara; A. Ostro; A. Gresova; P. Urdzik; A. Liptakova; M. Molokacova; R. Bartl; and L. Valansky (2004). Detection of virulence factors in α-haemolytic Escherichia coli strains isolated from various clinical materials. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 10 (6): 569-573.
41. Tariq, N.; T. Jaffery; R. Ayub,; A.Y. Alam; M.H. Javid; and S. Shafique (2006). Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of aerobic vaginal isolates. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak., 16 (3): 196-199.
42. Schmidt, H. and M. Hensel (2004). Pthogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17 (1): 14-56.
43. Iorio, N. L. P.; R. B. R. Ferreira; R. P. Schuenck; K. L. Malvar; A. P. Brilhante; A. P. F. Nunes; C. R. Bastos; and K. R. N. Santos1 (2007). Simplified and Reliable Scheme for Species-Level Identification of Staphylococcus Clinical Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol., 45 ( 8 ): 2564–2569.
44. Neu, C.H. (1992). The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science, 257: 1064-72.
45. Akerele, J.; P. Abhulimen; and F. Okonofua (2002). Prevalence of asymptomatic genital infection among pregnant women in Benin City, Nigeria. African J. Reprod. Health, 6 (3): 93-97.
46. Gillespie, S.H. and P.M. Hawkey (2006). Principles and Practical Clinical Bacteriology (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, London, pp. 73-111.
47. Chaudhary, U. and R. Aggarwal (2004). Extended spectrum-lactamases (ESBL)- An emerging threat to clinical therapeutics. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 22 (2): 75-80.
48. Sharma, S.; G.K. Bhat.; and S. Shenoy (2007). Virulence factors and drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from extraintestinal infections. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 25 (4): 369-73.
49. Karami, N.; F. Nowrouzian; I. A. Adlerberth.; and A.E. Wold (2006). Tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli and persistence in the infantile colonic microbiota. Antimicrobiol. Agents and Chemotherp., 50 (1): 156-61.
50. Tselenis - Kotsowilis et al; 1982; Novacova et al., 2005; Medscape, 2004
51. Rupp et al., 1992
Published
2023-11-19
How to Cite
Salem Rheef Arian Al-Aidy. (2023). Prevalence, Virulence, And Anibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Staphylococcus Xylosus Isolated From Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women with Symptomatic Genital Tract Infection: A Comparison Study. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(6), 501-512. https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v4i6.2075
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