The Cycloplegic Autorefraction Related with Retinoscopy Patients (Article Review)

  • Rana Dakhil Nafea Al-Muthanna University ,College of Medicine
  • Sarah Ali Abed Al-Muthanna University ,College of Medicine
Keywords: children, eye, Retionoscopy, autorefractor

Abstract

Autorefraction was compared to standard retinoscopy under cycloplegia in this review, which was the first of its kind in the population. 

The autorefractor correctly recognizes refractive groups, to put it all up... For myopia, the best validity test profile was used. Clinically meaningful differences in the length of power vectors obtained by autorefractometer and retinoscopy were more pronounced in younger patients and those with mixed astigmatism, despite the lack of statistical significance. As a result, older children with refractive problems may be diagnosed and treated using this technology. Retionoscopy should be used to confirm the diagnosis in instances with mixed astigmatism and in children under the age of ten

References

1. Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1221–e1234. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5
2. Safir A, Hyams L, Philpot J, Jagerman LS. Studies in refraction. I. The precision of retinoscopy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1970;84(1):49–61. doi:10.1001/archopht.1970.00990040051013
3. Asiedu K, Kyei S, Ampiah EE. Autorefraction, retinoscopy, javal’s rule, and Grosvenor’s modified javal’s rule: the best predictor of refractive astigmatism. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:3584137. doi:10.1155/2016/3584137
4. Guha S, Shah S, Shah K, Hurakadli P, Majee D, Gandhi S. A comparison of cycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopy in Indian children. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100(1):73–78. doi:10.1111/cxo.12375
5. Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Asharlous A, Yekta A, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. Overestimation of hyperopia with autorefraction compared with retinoscopy under cycloplegia in school-age children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(12):1717–1722. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311594
6. Naidoo KS, Raghunandan A, Mashige KP, et al. Refractive error and visual impairment in African children in South Africa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44(9):3764–3770. doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0283
7. Pokupec R, Mrazovac D, Popovic-Suic S, Mrazovac V, Kordic R, Petricek I. Comparison between refractometer and retinoscopy in determining refractive errors in children–false doubt. Coll Antropol. 2013;37(Suppl 1):205–208.
8. Prabakaran S, Dirani M, Chia A, et al. Cycloplegic refraction in preschool children: comparisons between the hand-held autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor and retinoscopy. Ophthal Physiol Opt. 2009;29(4):422–426. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00616.x
9. Rotsos T, Grigoriou D, Kokkolaki A, Manios N. A comparison of manifest refractions, cycloplegic refractions and retinoscopy on the RMA-3000 autorefractometer in children aged 3 to 15 years. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3:429–431. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S5145
10. Jorge J, Queiros A, Almeida JB, Parafita MA. Retinoscopy/autorefraction: which is the best starting point for a noncycloplegic refraction? Optom Vis Sci. 2005;82(1):64–68.
11. Z. Rajavi, H. Sabbaghi, A. S. Baghini, M. Yaseri, K. Sheibani, and G. Norouzi, “Accuracy and repeatability of refractive error measurements by photorefractometry,” Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 221–228, 2015.
12. A. Payerols, C. Eliaou, V. Trezeguet, M. Villain, and V. Daien, “Accuracy of PlusOptix A09 distance refraction in pediatric myopia and hyperopia,” BMC Ophthalmology, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 72, 2016.
13. T. Schimitzek and W. A. Lagrèze, “Accuracy of a new photorefractometer in young and adult patients,” Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 243, no. 7, pp. 637–645, 2005.
14. A. K. Yilmaz, O. Uretmen, and S. Kose, “Accuracy of Plusoptix S04 in children and teens,” Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 153–157, 2011.
15. O. Ozdemir, Z. Özen Tunay, I. S. Petriçli, D. Ergintürk Acar, and M. K. Erol, “Comparison of non-cycloplegic photorefraction, cycloplegic photorefraction and cycloplegic retinoscopy in children,” International Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 128–131, 2015.
16. Choong YF, Chen AH, Goh PP. A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 142: 68–74.
17. Kirschen D, Isenberg SJ. The effectiveness of an autorefractor with eye-tracking capability in pediatric patients. J AAPOS 2014; 18: 217–221.
18. Kinge B, Midelfart A, Jacobsen G. Clinical evaluation of the Allergan Humphrey 500 autorefractor and the Nidek AR-1000 autorefractor. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 35–39.
19. Thibos LN, Wheeler W. Power vector: An application of Fourier analysis to the description and statistical analysis of refractive error. Optom Vis Sci 1997; 74: 367–375.
20. Tongue AC. Refractive errors in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987; 34(6):1426–1437.
21. Williams C, Lumb R, Harvey I, Sparrow J. Screening for refractive errors with the Topcon PR2000 Pediatric Refractometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(5):1031–1037.
22. Nayak BK, Ghose S, Singh JP. A comparison of cycloplegic and manifest refractions on the NR-1000F (an objective auto refractometer). Br J Ophthalmol. 1987;71(1):73–75.
23. Good MG, Mazow ML, Prager TC. Accuracy of the Nidek ARK-900 objective refractor in comparison with retinoscopy in children ages 3 to 18 years. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126(1):100–108.
24. Berman M, Nelson P, Caden B. Objective refraction: comparison of retinoscopy and automated techniques. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1984;61(3):204–209.
25. Williams KM, Verhoeven VJ, Cumberland P, Bertelsen G, Wolfram C, Buitendk GH, et al. Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European eye epidemiology (E3) Consortium. European journal of epidemiology. 2015 Apr; 30(4): 305-15.
26. Baird PN, Saw SM, Lanca C, Guggenheim JA, Smith III EL, Zhou X, et al. Myopia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020 Dec; 6(1): 1-20
27. Ruiz HM, Fernández-Agrafojo D, Cardona G. Correlation and agreement between the Mohindra and cycloplegic retinoscopy techniques in children. Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología. 2022 Jan; 97(1): 9-16.
28. Pei R, Liu Z, Rong H, Zhao L, Du B, Jin N, et al. A randomized clinical trial using cyclopentolate and tropicamide to compare cycloplegic refraction in Chinese young adults with dark irises. BMC ophthalmology. 2021 Dec; 21(1): 1-9.
29. León A, Estrada JM, Roseneld M. Age and the amplitude of accommodation measured using dynamic retinoscopy. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2016 Jan; 36(1): 5-12.
30. Mirzajani A, Heirani M, Jafarzadehpur E, Haghani H. A comparison of the Plusoptix S08 photorefractor to retinoscopy and cycloretinoscopy. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2013 Jul; 96(4): 394-9.
31. Vricella M. Refraction in the Pediatric Eye Examination. InThe Pediatric Eye Exam Quick Reference Guide: Oce and Emergency Room Procedures 2022: 126-154.
32. Morgan IG, Iribarren R, Fotouhi A, Grzybowski A. Cycloplegic refraction is the gold standard for epidemiological studies. Acta Ophthalmologica. 2015 Sep; 93(6):
33. Mirzajani A, Vishteh RA, Khalilian M. Introducing a new method of retinoscopy for refraction of infants and young children: The “Mirza” tele lens retinoscopy. Journal of Optometry. 2021 Jul ; 14(3): 254-62.
Published
2023-10-25
How to Cite
Rana Dakhil Nafea, & Sarah Ali Abed. (2023). The Cycloplegic Autorefraction Related with Retinoscopy Patients (Article Review). Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(5), 937-942. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1942
Section
Articles