Colon Cancer: Risk Factors and Therapeutic Approaches
Keywords:
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent type of cancer in both men and women, despite being the second most significant cause of cancer-related fatalities. Both colon and rectal cancers are together referred to as colorectal cancer. The first sign of colon cancer is often the formation of tiny cell groupings called polyps inside the colon. Some of these polyps could transform into cancerous tumors in five to ten years. Age raises the likelihood of developing colorectal cancer. People are frequently too ashamed to undergo early detection screening tests for this type of cancer, Despite the possibility that it may be prevented. The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age. Genetic diseases such polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, as well as a family history of colorectal cancer, as well as personal histories of inflammatory bowel illness, polyps, and malignancies, are additional risk factors.. In this review, we explain the etiology and risk factors of colorectal cancer, as well as on Therapeutic Approaches.
References
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4. Brown, A., Kumar, S., & Tchounwou, P. B. (2019). Cisplatin-based chemotherapy of human cancers. Journal of cancer science & therapy, 11(4).
5. Cassidy, J. et al. (2004). XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin): active first-line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 2084–2091 Goldberg, R. M. et al. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 23–30.
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12. Fairchild, A.; Tirumani, S. H.; Rosenthal, M. H.; Howard, S. A.; Krajewski, K. M.; Nishino, M.; Shinagare, A. B.; Jagannathan, J. P and Ramaiya, N. H. (2015). Hormonal Therapy in Oncology: A Primer for the Radiologist. AJR., 204: 620-630.
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14. Frezza, M., Hindo, S., Chen, D., Davenport, A., Schmitt, S., Tomco, D., & Ping Dou, Q. (2010). Novel metals and metal complexes as platforms for cancer therapy. Current pharmaceutical design, 16(16), 1813-1825.
15. Fukuhara, H.; Ino, Y. and Todo, T. (2016). Oncolytic virus therapy: A new era of cancer treatment at dawn. Cancer. Sci., 107 :1373–1379.
16. Genetics of colorectal cancer (PDQ®)–health professional version. National Cancer Institute. Updated April 4, 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023. https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-genetics-pdq#_1333_toc
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18. Gondal G, Grotmol T, Hofstad B, Bretthauer M, Eide TJ, Hoff G. (2003). The
19. Graham, M.A.; Lockwood, G.F.; Greenslade, D.; Brienza, S.; Bayssas, M.; Gamelin, E. (2000).Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin: a critical review. Clin. Cancer Res., , 6(4), 1205-1218.
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25. Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P, Czernichow S, Parr CL, Woodward M. (2009). The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer.;125(1):171-80.
26. American Cancer Society. Immune therapies for colorectal cancer. Updated June 29, 2020. Accessed May 3, 2023. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/immunotherapy.html
27. Jebar, A. H.; Errington-Mais, F.; Vile, R. G.; Selby, P. J.; Melcher, A. A. and Griffin, S. (2015). Progress in clinical oncolytic virus-based therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. General Virology., 96: 1533–1550.
28. Jensen BW, Gamborg M, Gogenur I, Renehan AG, Sorensen TIA, Baker JL. (2017). Childhood body mass index and height in relation to site-specific risks of colorectal cancers in adult life. Eur J Epidemiol..
29. Kastrinos F, Syngal S. (2011). Inherited colorectal cancer syndromes. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass).;17(6):405-415.
30. Kelland L. (2007).The resurgence of platinum-based cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. Aug;7(8):573-84. doi: 10.1038/nrc2167. Epub 2007 Jul 12. PMID: 17625587.
31. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP. 2007 Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr.;85(6):1586-91.
32. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A. (2006).Long-term aspirin use and colorectal cancer risk: a cohort study in Sweden. Br J Cancer.;95(9):1277-9.
33. Longley, D.B.; Harkin, D.P.; Johnston, P.G. (2003).5-fluorouracil: mechanisms of action and clinical strategies. Nat. Rev. Cancer, , 3(5), 330-338.
34. Lynch HT, Lynch PM, Lanspa SJ, Snyder CL, Lynch JF, (2009).Boland CR. Review of the Lynch syndrome: history, molecular genetics, screening, differential diagnosis, and medicolegal ramifications. Clinical genetics.;76(1):1-18
35. Maida M, Macaluso FS, Ianiro G, Mangiola F, Sinagra E, Hold G, et al. (2017) Screening of colorectal cancer: present and future. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther.;17(12):1131–46.
36. Majumdar SR, Fletcher RH, Evans AT. How does colorectal cancer present?
37. Manzini, G.; Henne-Bruns, D.; Porzsolt, F. and Kremer, M. (2017). Is there a standard for surgical therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in healthy and cirrhotic liver? A comparison of eight guidelines. BMJ. Open.Gastro., 4: 1-11.
38. Miwa, M.; Ura, M.; Nishida, M.; Sawada, N.; Ishikawa, T.; Mori, K.; Shimma, N.; Umeda, I.; Ishitsuka, H. 1998).Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue. Eur. J. Cancer, , 34(8), 1274-1281.
39. Murphy N, Moreno V, Hughes DJ, Vodicka L, Vodicka P, Aglago EK, et al. (2019). Lifestyle and dietary environmental factors in colorectal cancer susceptibility. Mol Aspects Med.;69:2–9.
40. Ngan SY, Burmeister B, Fisher RJ, Solomon M, Goldstein D, Joseph D, Ackland SP, Schache D, McClure B, McLachlan SA, McKendrick J, Leong T, Hartopeanu C, Zalcberg J, Mackay J. 2012). Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04. J Clin Oncol.;30:3827–3833.
41. OConnell, M.J. (1989).A phase III trial of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. A Mayo Clinic/North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. Cancer, , 63(6)(Suppl.), 1026-1030.
42. Panettiere, F.J.; Goodman, P.J.; Costanzi, J.J.; Cruz, A.B., Jr; Vaitkevicius, V.K.; McCracken, J.D.; Brownlee, R.W.; Laufman, L.; Stephens, R.L.; Bonnet, J. (1988). Adjuvant therapy in large bowel adenocarcinoma: long-term results of a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol., , 6(6), 947-954.
43. Petrioli, R.; Pascucci, A.; Francini, E.; Marsili, S.; Sciandivasci, A.; Tassi, R.; Civitelli, S.; Tanzini, G.; Lorenzi, M.; Francini, G. (2008). Neurotoxicity of FOLFOX-4 as adjuvant treatment for patients with colon and gastric cancer: a randomized study of two different schedules of oxaliplatin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., , 61(1), 105-111.
44. Raymond, E.; Faivre, S.; Woynarowski, J.M.; Chaney, S.G. 1998 Oxaliplatin: Mechanism of action and antineoplastic activity. Semin. Oncol., , 25, 4-12.
45. Röhrl, K. (2020). Symptoms and quality of life during chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer.
46. Rougier P, Bugat R, Douillard JY, et al.) 1997). Phase II study of irinotecan in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer in chemotherapy-naive patients and patients pretreated with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol;15:251-60.
47. Pommier Y, Tanizawa A, Kohn KW. (1994(. Mechanisms of topoisomerase I inhibition by anticancer drugs. Adv Pharmacol;29B:73-92.
48. Russell, L. and Peng, k. (2018). The emerging role of oncolytic virus therapy against cancer. Chin. Clin. Oncol., 2(16):1-13.
49. Sabel, M. S.; Dieh, K. M. and Chang, A. E. (2014). Principles of Surgical Therapy in Oncology. J. Res. Gate. (58-72).
50. Schmid D, Leitzmann MF. (2014).Television viewing and time spent sedentary in relation to cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst.;106(7).
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Published
2023-10-26
How to Cite
Rana Talib Al-Muswie, Abbas Mohsin Abbas, & Mazin Adil Chayan. (2023). Colon Cancer: Risk Factors and Therapeutic Approaches. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(5), 908-918. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1939
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Articles
