Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. from Human in Iraq
Keywords:
Cryptosporidium, Iraq, molecular
Abstract
This investigation was done for molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. From human in Iraq. Descriptive cross-sectional research was undertaken, whereby 300 faecal samples were collected from outpatients at a hospital over the period spanning from 2020 to the middle of 2022. Every new specimen was obtained in a sterile and clearly marked container with a screw-top lid. Subsequently, the samples were promptly frozen on a refrigerated pack that was appropriately labelled with the relevant patient information. Prior to sample collection, verbal agreement was obtained from each participant, as well as from the parents or guardians of babies and young children. Demographic data, including age, gender, place of residence, level of education, as well as other relevant information, were obtained by the administration of a specifically constructed questionnaire for the purpose of this research. Microscopic examination was conducted on stool specimens with the modified Ziehl Neelsen method. Macroscopic Examination: The naked eye was used to assess the consistency, odour, as well as the presence of blood, mucus, and pus in each fresh sample. PCR method was used to identify the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene in stool samples. The use of a modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain enabled the discernment of the morphological characteristics of the oocysts, so assisting in the practice of micrometry. The oocysts have an almost elliptical morphology, characterized by a mean length of 6.9±0.72 µm and a width of 5.8 ± 0.87 µm, as determined by measurement. The parasite exhibited conspicuous pink to red structures with high density on a background of blue or purple, accompanied by a distinct halo around the oocyst.
References
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2. Bodager, J. R., Parsons, M. B., Wright, P. C., Rasambainarivo, F., Roellig, D., Xiao, L., & Gillespie, T. R. (2015). Complex epidemiology and zoonotic potential for Cryptosporidium suis in rural Madagascar. Veterinary Parasitology, 207(1–2), 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.013
3. Carvalho-Almeida, T. T., Pinto, P. L. S., Quadros, C. M. S., Torres, D. M. A. G. V, Kanamura, H. Y., & Casimiro, A. M. (2006). Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. in non diarrheal faeces from children, in a day care center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 48(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000100006
4. Daniels, M. E., Shrivastava, A., Smith, W. A., Sahu, P., Odagiri, M., Misra, P. R., Panigrahi, P., Suar, M., Clasen, T., & Jenkins, M. W. (2015). Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Village Water Sources in Rural India. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93(3), 596–600. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0111
5. Firoozi, Z., Sazmand, A., Zahedi, A., Astani, A., Bafghi, A. F., Salmi, N. K., Ebrahimi, B., Tafti, A. D., & Ryan, U. (2019). Prevalence and genotyping identification of Cryptosporidium in adult ruminants in central Iran. Parasites & Vectors, 12(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3759-2
6. Innes, E. A., Chalmers, R. M., Wells, B., & Pawlowic, M. C. (2020). A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis. Trends in Parasitology, 36(3), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.016.
7. Khan, A., Shams, S., Khan, S., Khan, M. I., Khan, S., & Ali, A. (2019). Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in rural population of district Buner, Pakistan. PloS One, 14(1), e0209188.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209188
8. Kotloff, K. L., Nataro, J. P., Blackwelder, W. C., Nasrin, D., Farag, T. H., Panchalingam, S., Wu, Y., Sow, S. O., Sur, D., & Breiman, R. F. (2013). Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. The Lancet, 382(9888), 209–222.
9. Krumkamp, R., Aldrich, C., Maiga-Ascofare, O., Mbwana, J., Rakotozandrindrainy, N., Borrmann, S. & Eibach, D. (2021). Transmission of Cryptosporidium species among human and animal local contact networks in sub-saharan Africa: a multicountry study. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(8), 1358- 1366.
10. Merdaw, M. A., Al-Zubaidi, M. T. S., Hanna, D. B., Khalaf, I. A., Jassim, H. S. (2018). Genotyping of Cryptosporidium Spp . Isolated from Human and Cattle in Baghdad Province , Iraq. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 9(51), 15925–15932.
11. Nakibirango, J., Mugenyi, V., Nsaba, D., Nsimemukama, A., Rugera, S. P., & Okongo, B. (2019). Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and hygiene practices among HIV/AIDS patients in southwest Uganda. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care, 11, 141–145. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S206195
12. Smith, H. V, Cacciò, S. M., Cook, N., Nichols, R. A. B., & Tait, A. (2007). Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses. Veterinary Parasitology, 149(1–2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.015
13. Thomson, S., Hamilton, C. A., Hope, J. C., Katzer, F., Mabbott, N. A., Morrison, L. J., & Innes, E. A. (2017). Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Veterinary Research, 48(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0447-0
14. Tombang, A. N., Ambe, N. F., Bobga, T. P., Nkfusai, C. N., Collins, N. M., Ngwa, S. B., Diengou, N. H., & Cumber, S. N. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis among children within the ages 0 – 5 years attending the Limbe regional hospital , southwest region , Cameroon. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-10.
15. Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Xiao, P., Shi, Y., Chen, Y., Liang, S., & Yihuo, W. (2017). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in an underdeveloped rural community of southwest China. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0223-9
16. Alkhanaq, M. N., & Thamer, G. (2022). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp . among Patients with Diarrhea at Wasit Province / Iraq.Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology,16(1), 771–780.
17. AL-Yasary, J. T. O., & Faraj, A. A. (2021). Comparison Study about Selected Human Infection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidiosis by Conventional Diagnostic Methods in Karbala Province, Iraq. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 45(1), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.30539/ijvm.v45i1.1042
18. Ryan, U. M., Feng, Y., Fayer, R., & Xiao, L. (2021). Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia–a 50 year perspective (1971–2021). International Journal for Parasitology, 51(13-14), 1099-1119.
19. Al-Saeed, A. T., Abdo, J. M., & Gorgess, R. G. (2020). Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Duhok City / Kurdistan Region / Iraq. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 70(7), 1251–1255. https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.21273
20. Elshahawy, I., & AbouElenien, F. (2019). Seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium and risks of cryptosporidiosis in residents of Sothern Egypt: A cross-sectional study. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 12(5), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995- 7645.259244
21. Gerace, E., Presti, V. D. M. L., & Biondo, C. (2019). Cryptosporidium infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 9(4), 119-123.
22. Salim, A. R., & Al-Aboody, B. A. (2019). Molecular Detection and Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Among Patients with Diarrhea at Al-Rifai City/Thi-Qar Province. Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology, 18(2).
23. Sayal, R. A. (2019). Epidemiological Study of Cryptosporidium Infection in Al-Najaf City. Int J Pharm Qual Assur, 10(1), 128–131. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.1.20
24. Feng, Y., Ryan, U. M., & Xiao, L. (2018). Genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium. Trends in parasitology, 34(11), 997-1011.
25. Ghoshal, U., Jain, V., Dey, A., & Ranjan, P. (2018). Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for stool antigen detection for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis among HIV negative immunocompromised patients in a tertiary care hospital of northern India. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(1), 115– 119.
26. Mahdi, N. K., Al-Sadoon, I. A., & Mohamed, A. T. (1996). First report of cryptosporidiosis among Iraqi children. In Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.26719/1996.2.1.115
27. Mohammad, F. I. (2018). Detecting of virulence factors COWP gene and CP15 gene for Cryptosporidium parvum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Al-Qadisiyah Journal Of Pure Science, 23(2), 39- 47. https://doi.org/10.29350/jops.2018.23.2.736
28. Pumipuntu, N., & Piratae, S. (2018). Cryptosporidiosis: A zoonotic disease concern. Veterinary World, 11(5), 681–686. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.681-686
29. Salim, M. (2018). Epidemiological study on Cryptosporidium among children in Basra Province-Iraq. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1032(1), 012072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 6596/1032/1/012072
30. Azeez, S. S., & Alsakee, H. M. (2017). Cryptosporidium spp . and rotavirus gastroenteritis and change of incidence after rotavirus vaccination among children in Raparin Pediatrics Hospital , Erbil , Iraq. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 26(3), 190–197.
31. Dabas, A., Shah, D., Bhatnagar, S., & Lodha, R. (2017). Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in pediatric diarrheal illnesses. Indian pediatrics, 54(4), 299-309.
32. Khoshnaw, K.H.S., Majeed, P.D., Hawezy, A.A. (2017). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp . among hospitalized children with diarrhea using ELISA and conventional microscopic techniques , in Erbil province. Polytech. J. 1–11.
33. Ahmed, H. S., Abd, A.H., Mohammed, N.Q. (2016). Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum from feces samples of human and camels by using direct Polymerase Chain Reaction assay technique. AlQadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, 15(2), 59–62.
34. Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Publishing Group, 371(6527), 347-348. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.90
35. Abdulsada, K. M.(2015). Molecular and Epidemiological Study of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mid-Euphrates Area. Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences, 5(1), 179-189.
36. Becker, D. J., Oloya, J., & Ezeamama, A. E. (2015). Household socioeconomic and demographic correlates of Cryptosporidium seropositivity in the United States. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 9(9), e0004080.
37. Ghazy, A., Abdel-Shafy, S., & Shaapan, R. (2015). Cryptosporidiosis in Animals and Man: 1. Taxonomic Classification, Life Cycle, Epidemiology and Zoonotic Importance. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 8(3), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.3923/aje.2015.48.63
38. Koyee, Q. M., & Faraj, A. M. (2015). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. with other intestinal microorganisms among regular visitors of Raparin Pediatric Hospital in Erbil City-Kurdistan region, Iraq. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 27(4), 57-64.
39. Ryan, U., & Hijjawi, N. (2015). New developments in Cryptosporidium research. International Journal for Parasitology, 45(6), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.009
40. Salman, Y. J., Sadek, W. S., & Rasheed, Z. K. (2015). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum among Iraqi displaced people in Kirkuk city using direct microscopy, flotation technique and ELISA-copro antigen test. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 4(11), 559–572.
41. Aniesona, A. T., & Bamaiyi, P. H. (2014). Retrospective study of cryptosporidiosis among diarrhoeic children in the arid region of north-eastern Nigeria. Zoonoses and Public Health, 61(6), 420– 426. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12088
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Published
2023-10-19
How to Cite
Fatima Hashim Abbas. (2023). Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. from Human in Iraq. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(5), 682-692. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1892
Section
Articles
