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Abstract
Introduction: Thyroid diseases as autoimmune (ATD) are autoimmune disorders presence of specific proteins autoantibody to of thyroid in the patient,sera i.e.,thyrotropin receptors (TSHr), Thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), Tgand antibodies ofTPO are utilized as clinical ATD markers, whereas antibodies of TSHr can either stimulating thyroid adenylatecyclase, resulting hyperthyroidism (TSAb), or blocking thyroid function, resulting in hypothyroidism (TSAb).
Methodology: This study was conducted on 30 patients Al- Haboby hospital and Al-Hussein hospital in Nasiriya city, Iraq (the period between February to September 2021. We studied 15 patients with Graves' disease GD [12 females and 3males]. measured using fully-automated by coobas e411analyzer (Roche Diagnostics).
Results: The most common GD presentations were diffuse goiter (100%), fine tremors (93.3%), symptoms of neuropsychiatric i.e.,hyperactivity, nervousness, and school performance beingpoor are communalcharacters in such children (80%), weight loss despite an increase inappetite (53.3%), ophthalmology (46.7%), and heat intolerance, sweating, palpitations (26.7 %).
Conclusion: No statistical significance associations were there between antibodies of thyroid and exophthalmos.There were no significant correlations between antibodies of thyroid and thyroid functions in GD.
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References
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- 4. Tozzoli R, Bagnasco M, Giavarina D, Bizzaro N. TSH receptor autoantibody immunoassay in patients with Graves' disease: improvement of diagnostic accuracy over different generations of methods. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmunity reviews. 2012 Dec 1;12(2):107-13.
- 5. McLeod DS, Cooper DS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine. 2012 Oct;42:252-65.
- 6. Furmaniak J, Sanders J, Rees Smith B. Blocking type TSH receptor antibodies. Autoimmunity highlights. 2013 Apr;4(1):11-26.
- 7. Fröhlich E, Wahl R. Thyroid autoimmunity: role of anti-thyroid antibodies in thyroid and extra-thyroidal diseases. Frontiers in immunology. 2017 May 9;8:521.
- 8. Cogni G, Chiovato L. An overview of the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity. Hormones. 2013 Jan;12:19-29.
- 9. Moulton VR. Sex hormones in acquired immunity and autoimmune disease. Frontiers in immunology. 2018 Oct 4;9:2279.
- 10. Troppmann B, Kleinau G, Krause G, Gromoll J. Structural and functional plasticity of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotrophin receptor. Human reproduction update. 2013 Sep 1;19(5):583-602.
- 11. Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural–functional features of the thyrotropin receptor: a class A G-protein-coupled receptor at work. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2017 Apr 24;8:86.
- 12. Sriphrapradang C. Diagnosis and management of Graves’ disease in Thailand: a survey of current practice. Journal of thyroid research. 2020 May 11;2020.
- 13. Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. European thyroid journal. 2018;7(4):167-86.
- 14. Kamath C, Adlan MA, Premawardhana LD. The role of thyrotrophin receptor antibody assays in Graves’ disease. Journal of Thyroid Research. 2012 Jan 27;2012.
- 15. Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, Hirche H, Quadbeck B, Mann K, Steuhl KP, Esser J, Morgenthaler NG. Clinical results of anti‐inflammatory therapy in Graves’ ophthalmopathy and association with thyroidal autoantibodies. Clinical endocrinology. 2004 Nov;61(5):612-8.
References
1. Abraham-Nordling M, Törring O, Hamberger B, Lundell G, Tallstedt L, Calissendorff J, Wallin G. Graves' disease: a long-term quality-of-life follow up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery. Thyroid. 2005 Nov 1;15(11):1279-86.
2. Davies P. The relevance of systematic reviews to educational policy and practice. Oxford review of education. 2000 Sep 1;26(3-4):365-78.
3. Conigliaro P, D'Antonio A, Pinto S, Chimenti MS, Triggianese P, Rotondi M, Perricone R. Autoimmune thyroid disorders and rheumatoid arthritis: A bidirectional interplay. Autoimmunity reviews. 2020 Jun 1;19(6):102529.
4. Tozzoli R, Bagnasco M, Giavarina D, Bizzaro N. TSH receptor autoantibody immunoassay in patients with Graves' disease: improvement of diagnostic accuracy over different generations of methods. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmunity reviews. 2012 Dec 1;12(2):107-13.
5. McLeod DS, Cooper DS. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine. 2012 Oct;42:252-65.
6. Furmaniak J, Sanders J, Rees Smith B. Blocking type TSH receptor antibodies. Autoimmunity highlights. 2013 Apr;4(1):11-26.
7. Fröhlich E, Wahl R. Thyroid autoimmunity: role of anti-thyroid antibodies in thyroid and extra-thyroidal diseases. Frontiers in immunology. 2017 May 9;8:521.
8. Cogni G, Chiovato L. An overview of the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity. Hormones. 2013 Jan;12:19-29.
9. Moulton VR. Sex hormones in acquired immunity and autoimmune disease. Frontiers in immunology. 2018 Oct 4;9:2279.
10. Troppmann B, Kleinau G, Krause G, Gromoll J. Structural and functional plasticity of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotrophin receptor. Human reproduction update. 2013 Sep 1;19(5):583-602.
11. Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural–functional features of the thyrotropin receptor: a class A G-protein-coupled receptor at work. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2017 Apr 24;8:86.
12. Sriphrapradang C. Diagnosis and management of Graves’ disease in Thailand: a survey of current practice. Journal of thyroid research. 2020 May 11;2020.
13. Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, Leenhardt L, Poppe K, Pearce SH. 2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves’ hyperthyroidism. European thyroid journal. 2018;7(4):167-86.
14. Kamath C, Adlan MA, Premawardhana LD. The role of thyrotrophin receptor antibody assays in Graves’ disease. Journal of Thyroid Research. 2012 Jan 27;2012.
15. Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, Hirche H, Quadbeck B, Mann K, Steuhl KP, Esser J, Morgenthaler NG. Clinical results of anti‐inflammatory therapy in Graves’ ophthalmopathy and association with thyroidal autoantibodies. Clinical endocrinology. 2004 Nov;61(5):612-8.