Evaluation of Semen Characteristics and Interleukin 6 Levels (IL6) in Males Recovered from Covid-19
Keywords:
COVID-19, analysis of sperm characteristics, Interleukin 6 (IL6), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, prolactin
Abstract
As of late, SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) infections have spread around the world. Multiple organs can be affected by SARS-CoV-2, however the respiratory system is the primary target. Some people are worried COVID-19 may impair male processes for reproduction. In our investigation, semen samples from fifty males recovered from COVID-19 were collected for analysis of semen characteristics. All of the patient groups exhibited aberrant sperm quality. In addition, we compared the levels of interleukin 6 (IL6) between 50 COVID-19-recovered men of reproductive age and 50 age-matched controls. A higher serum Interleukin 6 (IL6) level were observed in patients group. The regression analysis indicated testosterone level was negatively associated with Interleukin 6 (IL6), while both luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin were showed positively correlation with Interleukin 6 (IL6).
References
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8. Niehaus, A. J. (2022). Physical Exam and Diagnostics. Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, 108-136.
9. Coventry, L. L., Jacob, A. M., Davies, H. T., Stoneman, L., Keogh, S., & Jacob, E. R. (2019). Drawing blood from peripheral intravenous cannula compared with venepuncture: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(11), 2313-2339.
10. Montesarchio, V., Parrella, R., Iommelli, C., Bianco, A., Manzillo, E., Fraganza, F., ... & Ascierto, P. A. (2020). Outcomes and biomarker analyses among patients with COVID-19 treated with interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist sarilumab at a single institution in Italy. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 8(2).
11. Chen, G., Wu, D. I., Guo, W., Cao, Y., Huang, D., Wang, H., ... & Ning, Q. (2020). Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of clinical investigation, 130(5), 2620-2629.
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14. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
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17. Afsin, M., Nursal, A. F., Yavuz, D., & Otcu, S. M. O. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 on sexual health in men with suspected infertility using semen analysis and serum hormone profile: A single-center experience. EXPERIMENTAL BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, 5(4), 440-447.
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21. Schrott, R., Murphy, S. K., Modliszewski, J. L., King, D. E., Hill, B., Itchon-Ramos, N., ... & Mitchell, J. T. (2021). Refraining from use diminishes cannabis-associated epigenetic changes in human sperm. Environmental Epigenetics, 7(1), dvab009.
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26. Aitken RJ. COVID-19 and human spermatozoa: potential risks for infertility and sexual transmission? Andrology 2021;9:48–52.
27. Holtmann, N., Edimiris, P., Andree, M., Doehmen, C., Baston-Buest, D., Adams, O., ... & Bielfeld, A. P. (2020). Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen—a cohort study. Fertility and sterility, 114(2), 233-238.
28. Ma, L., Xie, W., Li, D., Shi, L., Ye, G., Mao, Y., ... & Zhang, M. (2021). Evaluation of sex‐related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive‐aged male COVID‐19 patients. Journal of medical virology, 93(1), 456-462
29. Leisegang, K., Henkel, R., & Agarwal, A. (2019). Obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with systemic inflammation and the impact on the male reproductive system. American journal of reproductive immunology, 82(5), e13178.
30. Acosta-Ampudia, Y., Monsalve, D. M., Rojas, M., Rodríguez, Y., Gallo, J. E., Salazar-Uribe, J. C., ... & Anaya, J. M. (2021). COVID-19 convalescent plasma composition and immunological effects in severe patients. Journal of autoimmunity, 118, 102598.
31. Shukla, K. K., Agnihotri, S., Gupta, A., Mahdi, A. A., Mohamed, E. A., Sankhwar, S. N., & Sharma, P. (2013). Significant association of TNFα and IL-6 gene with male infertility—An explorative study in Indian populations of Uttar Pradesh. Immunology Letters, 156(1-2), 30-37.
32. Chen, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Xiang, Z., Li, D., & Han, X. (2017). Microcystin-leucine arginine exhibits immunomodulatory roles in testicular cells resulting in orchitis. Environmental Pollution, 229, 964-975.
33. Pérez, C. V., Sobarzo, C. M., Jacobo, P. V., Pellizzari, E. H., Cigorraga, S. B., Denduchis, B., & Lustig, L. (2012). Loss of occludin expression and impairment of blood-testis barrier permeability in rats with autoimmune orchitis: effect of interleukin 6 on Sertoli cell tight junctions. Biology of reproduction, 87(5), 122-1.
34. Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2018). Interleukin (IL-6) immunotherapy. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 10(8), a028456
35. de Villiers, J., Hobbs, K., & Hollebrandse, B. (2014). Recursive complements and propositional attitudes. Recursion: Complexity in cognition, 221-242.
36. Li, H., Xiao, X., Zhang, J., Zafar, M. I., Wu, C., Long, Y., ... & Xiong, C. (2020). Impaired spermatogenesis in COVID-19 patients. EClinicalMedicine, 28, 100604
37. Fraczek, M., & Kurpisz, M. (2015). Cytokines in the male reproductive tract and their role in infertility disorders. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 108, 98-104.
38. Jordan, S. C., Choi, J., Kim, I., Wu, G., Toyoda, M., Shin, B., & Vo, A. (2017). Interleukin-6, a cytokine critical to mediation of inflammation, autoimmunity and allograft rejection: therapeutic implications of IL-6 receptor blockade. Transplantation, 101(1), 32-44.
39. Syriou, V., Papanikolaou, D., Kozyraki, A., & Goulis, D. G. (2018). Cytokines and male infertility. European cytokine network, 29, 73-82.
40. Fang, Y., Su, Y., Xu, J., Hu, Z., Zhao, K., Liu, C., & Zhang, H. (2021). Varicocele-mediated male infertility: From the perspective of testicular immunity and inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 729539.
41. Wu H, Shi L, Wang Q, et al. Mumps virus-induced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6(1): 19507
42. Wang, J., Leung, K. S., Chow, S. K. H., & Cheung, W. H. (2017). Inflammation and age-associated skeletal muscle deterioration (sarcopaenia). Journal of orthopaedic translation, 10, 94-101.
43. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. New coronavirus pneumonia prevention and control program (7th edn). Available at: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f591 2eb1989.shtml. Accessed 4 March, 2020.
2. Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135.
3. Hoffmann, M., Kleine-Weber, H., Krüger, N., Müller, M., Drosten, C., & Pöhlmann, S. (2020). The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. BioRxiv, 2020-01.
4. Wang, Z., Li, L., Song, M., Yan, J., Shi, J., & Yao, Y. (2021). Evaluating the traditional chinese medicine (TCM) officially recommended in China for COVID-19 using ontology-based side-effect prediction framework (OSPF) and deep learning. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 272, 113957.
5. Liu, J., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Wu, Z., Dong, X., Teboul, J. L., ... & Chen, D. (2020). Association of sex with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A retrospective analysis of 1190 cases. Respiratory medicine, 173, 106159.
6. Xu, J., Qi, L., Chi, X., Yang, J., Wei, X., Gong, E., ... & Gu, J. (2006). Orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biology of reproduction, 74(2), 410-416.
7. Tian, Y., & Zhou, L. Q. (2021). Evaluating the Impact of COVID-19 on Male Reproduction 22.
8. Niehaus, A. J. (2022). Physical Exam and Diagnostics. Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, 108-136.
9. Coventry, L. L., Jacob, A. M., Davies, H. T., Stoneman, L., Keogh, S., & Jacob, E. R. (2019). Drawing blood from peripheral intravenous cannula compared with venepuncture: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(11), 2313-2339.
10. Montesarchio, V., Parrella, R., Iommelli, C., Bianco, A., Manzillo, E., Fraganza, F., ... & Ascierto, P. A. (2020). Outcomes and biomarker analyses among patients with COVID-19 treated with interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor antagonist sarilumab at a single institution in Italy. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 8(2).
11. Chen, G., Wu, D. I., Guo, W., Cao, Y., Huang, D., Wang, H., ... & Ning, Q. (2020). Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of clinical investigation, 130(5), 2620-2629.
12. Ruan, Q., Yang, K., Wang, W., Jiang, L., & Song, J. (2020). Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive care medicine, 46(5), 846-848.
13. de Oliveira Santos, J. G., Migueis, D. P., do Amaral, J. B., Bachi, A. L. L., Boggi, A. C., Thamboo, A., ... & Pezato, R. (2022). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on saliva: TNF-⍺, IL-6, IL-10, lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgG, IgA, and IgM. Journal of Oral Biosciences, 64
14. Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., ... & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
15. Ulhaq, Z. S., & Soraya, G. V. (2020). Interleukin-6 Is a Potential Biomarker of COVID-19 Progression: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Medecine et maladies infectieuses, 3562887(10.2139).
16. Erbay, G., Sanli, A., Turel, H., Yavuz, U., Erdogan, A., Karabakan, M., ... & Gultekin, M. H. (2021). Short‐term effects of COVID‐19 on semen parameters: a multicenter study of 69 cases. Andrology, 9(4), 1060-1065.
17. Afsin, M., Nursal, A. F., Yavuz, D., & Otcu, S. M. O. (2022). Effects of COVID-19 on sexual health in men with suspected infertility using semen analysis and serum hormone profile: A single-center experience. EXPERIMENTAL BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH, 5(4), 440-447.
18. Guo, T. H., Sang, M. Y., Bai, S., Ma, H., Wan, Y. Y., Jiang, X. H., ... & Shi, Q. H. (2021). Semen parameters in men recovered from COVID-19. Asian journal of andrology, 23(5), 479.
19. Lan, J., Ge, J., Yu, J., Shan, S., Zhou, H., Fan, S., ... & Wang, X. (2020). Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. nature, 581(7807), 215-220.
20. Shen, Q., Xiao, X., Aierken, A., Yue, W., Wu, X., Liao, M., & Hua, J. (2020). The ACE2 expression in Sertoli cells and germ cells may cause male reproductive disorder after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 24(16), 9472-9477.
21. Schrott, R., Murphy, S. K., Modliszewski, J. L., King, D. E., Hill, B., Itchon-Ramos, N., ... & Mitchell, J. T. (2021). Refraining from use diminishes cannabis-associated epigenetic changes in human sperm. Environmental Epigenetics, 7(1), dvab009.
22. Pan, F., Xiao, X., Guo, J., Song, Y., Li, H., Patel, D. P., ... & Hotaling, J. M. (2020). No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019. Fertility and sterility, 113(6), 1135-1139.
23. Verma, S., Saksena, S., & Sadri-Ardekani, H. (2020). ACE2 receptor expression in testes: implications in coronavirus disease 2019 pathogenesis. Biology of Reproduction, 103(3), 449-451.
24. Shastri, A., Wheat, J., Agrawal, S., Chaterjee, N., Pradhan, K., Goldfinger, M., ... & Shastri, J. (2020). Delayed clearance of SARS-CoV2 in male compared to female patients: high ACE2 expression in testes suggests possible existence of gender-specific viral reservoirs. MedRxiv, 2020-04.
25. Mannur, S., Jabeen, T., Khader, M. A., & Rao, L. S. S. (2021). Post-COVID-19-associated decline in long-term male fertility and embryo quality during assisted reproductive technology. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 114(5), 328-330.
26. Aitken RJ. COVID-19 and human spermatozoa: potential risks for infertility and sexual transmission? Andrology 2021;9:48–52.
27. Holtmann, N., Edimiris, P., Andree, M., Doehmen, C., Baston-Buest, D., Adams, O., ... & Bielfeld, A. P. (2020). Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen—a cohort study. Fertility and sterility, 114(2), 233-238.
28. Ma, L., Xie, W., Li, D., Shi, L., Ye, G., Mao, Y., ... & Zhang, M. (2021). Evaluation of sex‐related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive‐aged male COVID‐19 patients. Journal of medical virology, 93(1), 456-462
29. Leisegang, K., Henkel, R., & Agarwal, A. (2019). Obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with systemic inflammation and the impact on the male reproductive system. American journal of reproductive immunology, 82(5), e13178.
30. Acosta-Ampudia, Y., Monsalve, D. M., Rojas, M., Rodríguez, Y., Gallo, J. E., Salazar-Uribe, J. C., ... & Anaya, J. M. (2021). COVID-19 convalescent plasma composition and immunological effects in severe patients. Journal of autoimmunity, 118, 102598.
31. Shukla, K. K., Agnihotri, S., Gupta, A., Mahdi, A. A., Mohamed, E. A., Sankhwar, S. N., & Sharma, P. (2013). Significant association of TNFα and IL-6 gene with male infertility—An explorative study in Indian populations of Uttar Pradesh. Immunology Letters, 156(1-2), 30-37.
32. Chen, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., Xiang, Z., Li, D., & Han, X. (2017). Microcystin-leucine arginine exhibits immunomodulatory roles in testicular cells resulting in orchitis. Environmental Pollution, 229, 964-975.
33. Pérez, C. V., Sobarzo, C. M., Jacobo, P. V., Pellizzari, E. H., Cigorraga, S. B., Denduchis, B., & Lustig, L. (2012). Loss of occludin expression and impairment of blood-testis barrier permeability in rats with autoimmune orchitis: effect of interleukin 6 on Sertoli cell tight junctions. Biology of reproduction, 87(5), 122-1.
34. Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2018). Interleukin (IL-6) immunotherapy. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 10(8), a028456
35. de Villiers, J., Hobbs, K., & Hollebrandse, B. (2014). Recursive complements and propositional attitudes. Recursion: Complexity in cognition, 221-242.
36. Li, H., Xiao, X., Zhang, J., Zafar, M. I., Wu, C., Long, Y., ... & Xiong, C. (2020). Impaired spermatogenesis in COVID-19 patients. EClinicalMedicine, 28, 100604
37. Fraczek, M., & Kurpisz, M. (2015). Cytokines in the male reproductive tract and their role in infertility disorders. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 108, 98-104.
38. Jordan, S. C., Choi, J., Kim, I., Wu, G., Toyoda, M., Shin, B., & Vo, A. (2017). Interleukin-6, a cytokine critical to mediation of inflammation, autoimmunity and allograft rejection: therapeutic implications of IL-6 receptor blockade. Transplantation, 101(1), 32-44.
39. Syriou, V., Papanikolaou, D., Kozyraki, A., & Goulis, D. G. (2018). Cytokines and male infertility. European cytokine network, 29, 73-82.
40. Fang, Y., Su, Y., Xu, J., Hu, Z., Zhao, K., Liu, C., & Zhang, H. (2021). Varicocele-mediated male infertility: From the perspective of testicular immunity and inflammation. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 729539.
41. Wu H, Shi L, Wang Q, et al. Mumps virus-induced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6(1): 19507
42. Wang, J., Leung, K. S., Chow, S. K. H., & Cheung, W. H. (2017). Inflammation and age-associated skeletal muscle deterioration (sarcopaenia). Journal of orthopaedic translation, 10, 94-101.
43. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. New coronavirus pneumonia prevention and control program (7th edn). Available at: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f591 2eb1989.shtml. Accessed 4 March, 2020.
Published
2023-08-05
How to Cite
Farman, D. H. A., & Sadiq, J. F. (2023). Evaluation of Semen Characteristics and Interleukin 6 Levels (IL6) in Males Recovered from Covid-19. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(4), 264-272. Retrieved from https://cajmns.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJMNS/article/view/1696
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Articles
