Metabolic Syndrome and its Predictors Among Adults Seeking Medical Care in Al-Basra, Iraq
Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome, Prevalence, International Diabetes Federation criteria, waist circumference, risk factors, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of cardiovascular risk factors caused by an inflammatory and insulin resistant state that raises the chance of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and many other cardiovascular diseases.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS and their specific associated factors based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria among adults in Al-Basra Governorate, southern Iraq.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Al-Fiaha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center (FDEMC), which required a time frame from October 2nd, 2022, to May 1st, 2023. The total sample size was 476. Data was collected via a pre-tested questionnaire after obtaining ethical permission. All patient’s information was acquired through direct interviews and FDEMC's digital records, which managed the data for each patient using a Microsoft Access program and an internal network system.
Results: The prevalence of MetS was (51.9%) higher in females (57.5%) than in males (42.5%). MetS was more prevalent in age group 50-59 (29.1%), urban areas (71.7%), primary education (41.7%), housewives (49.4%), married participants (85.0%), smokers (12.6%), systolic blood pressure (35.2%), diastolic blood pressure (41.7%), and diabetes (45.7%). All anthropometric measurements demonstrate a statistical difference except for height. All lipid profile shows a statistical difference between participants (P values <0.05).
Conclusion: The prevalence of MetS was relatively high when using IDF criteria. Old age, female gender, marriage, low education, high diastolic pressure, a large waist circumference, and reduced high density lipoprotein, are the most important risk factors of MetS.
References
1. Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., & Viveros-Ruiz, T. (2019). Recent advances in managing/understanding the metabolic syndrome. F1000Research, 8.
2. Ajlouni, K., Khader, Y., Alyousfi, M., Al Nsour, M., Batieha, A., & Jaddou, H. (2020). Metabolic syndrome amongst adults in Jordan: prevalence, trend, and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(1), 1–11.
3. Ajlouni, K., Khader, Y., Alyousfi, M., Nsour, M. A., Batieha, A., & Jaddou, H. (2020). Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Jordan: Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Factors.
4. Al-Azzawi, O. F. (2018). Metabolic syndrome; comparing the results of three definition criteria in an Iraqi sample. AL-Kindy College Medical Journal, 14(2), 7–12.
5. Al-Rubeaan, K., Bawazeer, N., Al Farsi, Y., Youssef, A. M., Al-Yahya, A. A., AlQumaidi, H., Al-Malki, B. M., Naji, K. A., Al-Shehri, K., & Al Rumaih, F. I. (2018). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia-a cross sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 18, 1–9.
6. Ali Mansour, A. (2005). METABOLIC SYNDROME AMONG ADULTS POPULATION SINGLE CENTER EXPERANCE IN BASRAH. The Medical Journal of Basrah University, 23(1), 38–41.
7. Callaghan, B. C., Xia, R., Banerjee, M., de Rekeneire, N., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., Satterfield, S., Schwartz, A. V, Vinik, A. I., & Feldman, E. L. (2016). Metabolic syndrome components are associated with symptomatic polyneuropathy independent of glycemic status. Diabetes Care, 39(5), 801–807.
8. Cho, D. Y., & Koo, J.-W. (2018). Differences in metabolic syndrome prevalence by employment type and sex. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1798.
9. Diaz-Martinez, X., Petermann, F., Leiva, A. M., Garrido-Mendez, A., Salas-Bravo, C., Martínez, M. A., Labraña, A. M., Duran, E., Valdivia-Moral, P., & Zagalaz, M. L. (2018). Association of physical inactivity with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the chilean population. Revista Medica de Chile, 146(5), 585–595.
10. Flemming, G. M. C., Bussler, S., Körner, A., & Kiess, W. (2020). Definition and early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 33(7), 821–833.
11. Ghorabi, S., Salari-Moghaddam, A., Daneshzad, E., Sadeghi, O., Azadbakht, L., & Djafarian, K. (2019). Association between the DASH diet and metabolic syndrome components in Iranian adults. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(3), 1699–1704.
12. Godfrey, T. M., Cordova-Marks, F. M., Jones, D., Melton, F., & Breathett, K. (2022). Metabolic syndrome among American Indian and Alaska native populations: implications for cardiovascular health. Current Hypertension Reports, 24(5), 107–114.
13. Gutch, M., Rungta, S., Kumar, S., Agarwal, A., Bhattacharya, A., & Razi, S. M. (2017). Thyroid functions and serum lipid profile in metabolic syndrome. Biomedical Journal, 40(3), 147–153.
14. Houti, L., Hamani-Medjaoui, I., Lardjam-Hetraf, S. A., Ouhaibi-Djellouli, H., Chougrani, S., Goumidi, L., & Mediene-Benchekor, S. (2016). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related risk factors in the City of Oran, Algeria: the ISOR Study. Ethnicity & Disease, 26(1), 99.
15. Ismael, S. A., Ahmed, H. F., & Hasan, M. T. (2016). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a sample of population in Erbil city, Iraq. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences (Zanco J Med Sci), 20(2), 1280–1287.
16. James, M., Varghese, T. P., Sharma, R., & Chand, S. (2020). Association between metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus according to International Diabetic Federation and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria: a Cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19, 437–443.
17. Jung, J. Y., Oh, C.-M., Choi, J.-M., Ryoo, J.-H., Chung, P.-W., Hong, H. P., & Park, S. K. (2019). Levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and their relation to incident metabolic syndrome. Cardiology, 143(1), 224–231.
18. Katsimardou, A., Imprialos, K., Stavropoulos, K., Sachinidis, A., Doumas, M., & Athyros, V. (2020). Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: novel insights. Current Hypertension Reviews, 16(1), 12–18.
19. Kim, S. W., Kim, H. J., Min, K., Lee, H., Lee, S.-H., Kim, S., Kim, J. S., & Oh, B. (2021). The relationship between smoking cigarettes and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study with non-single residents of Seoul under 40 years old. PLoS One, 16(8), e0256257.
20. Kolovou, G. D., Kolovou, V., & Mavrogeni, S. (2016). Cigarette smoking/cessation and metabolic syndrome. Clinical Lipidology, 11(1), 6–14.
21. Ma, E., Ohira, T., Fukasawa, M., Yasumura, S., Miyazaki, M., Suzuki, T., Furuyama, A., Kataoka, M., & Hosoya, M. (2023). Prevalence trends of metabolic syndrome in residents of postdisaster Fukushima: a longitudinal analysis of Fukushima Health Database 2012–2019. Public Health, 217, 115–124.
22. Mastroeni, S. S. de B. S., Mastroeni, M. F., Ekwaru, J. P., Setayeshgar, S., Veugelers, P. J., Gonçalves, M. de C., & Rondó, P. H. de C. (2019). Anthropometric measurements as a potential non-invasive alternative for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 63, 30–39.
23. Mazloomzadeh, S., Khazaghi, Z. R., & Mousavinasab, N. (2018). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 47(4), 473.
24. Montazerifar, F., Bolouri, A., Mozaffar, M. M., & Karajibani, M. (2016). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in coronary artery disease patients. Cardiology Research, 7(6), 202.
25. Naghipour, M., Joukar, F., Nikbakht, H.-A., Hassanipour, S., Asgharnezhad, M., Arab-Zozani, M., & Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (2021). High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related demographic factors in North of Iran: results from the Persian Guilan cohort study. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2021.
26. Nowicki, G. J., Ślusarska, B., Naylor, K., Prystupa, A., Rudnicka-Drożak, E., Halyuk, U., & Pokotylo, P. (2021). The relationship between the metabolic syndrome and the place of residence in the local community on the example of the janów lubelski district in eastern Poland: A population-based study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2041–2056.
27. O’Neill, S., & O’Driscoll, L. (2015). Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obesity Reviews, 16(1), 1–12.
28. Okafor, C. I. (2012). The metabolic syndrome in Africa: current trends. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(1), 56.
29. Owolabi, E. O., Ter Goon, D., Adeniyi, O. V., Adedokun, A. O., & Seekoe, E. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome among adults attending healthcare facilities in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The Open Public Health Journal, 10(1).
30. Rams, K., Philipraj, S. J., Purwar, R., & Reddy, B. (2020). Correlation of metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis: A prospective cross-sectional study. Urology Annals, 12(2), 144.
31. Reisinger, C., Nkeh-Chungag, B. N., Fredriksen, P. M., & Goswami, N. (2021). The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—A critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance. International Journal of Obesity, 45(1), 12–24.
32. Saleh, A. A., Hayawi, A. H., Al-Samarrai, A. Y., & Lafta, R. K. (2017). Metabolic syndrome among obese adults in Baghdad, Iraq. Saudi Journal of Obesity, 5(1), 8.
33. Singla, R., Ashwini, P. K., & Jayadev, B. (2019). Lichen planus and metabolic syndrome: Is there a relation? Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 10(5), 555.
34. Strauß, M., Foshag, P., Przybylek, B., Horlitz, M., Lucia, A., Sanchis-Gomar, F., & Leischik, R. (2016). Occupation and metabolic syndrome: is there correlation? A cross sectional study in different work activity occupations of German firefighters and office workers. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 8(1), 1–8.
35. Suliga, E., Ciesla, E., Głuszek-Osuch, M., Rogula, T., Głuszek, S., & Kozieł, D. (2019). The usefulness of anthropometric indices to identify the risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 11(11), 2598.
36. Unger, T., Borghi, C., Charchar, F., Khan, N. A., Poulter, N. R., Prabhakaran, D., Ramirez, A., Schlaich, M., Stergiou, G. S., & Tomaszewski, M. (2020). 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension, 75(6), 1334–1357.
37. Wang, J., Bai, Y., Zeng, Z., Wang, J., Wang, P., Zhao, Y., Xu, W., Zhu, Y., & Qi, X. (2022). Association between life-course cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: a discovery-replication strategy. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 14(1), 1–11.
38. Yi, Y., & An, J. (2020). Sex differences in risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the Korean population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9513.
2. Ajlouni, K., Khader, Y., Alyousfi, M., Al Nsour, M., Batieha, A., & Jaddou, H. (2020). Metabolic syndrome amongst adults in Jordan: prevalence, trend, and its association with socio-demographic characteristics. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12(1), 1–11.
3. Ajlouni, K., Khader, Y., Alyousfi, M., Nsour, M. A., Batieha, A., & Jaddou, H. (2020). Metabolic Syndrome among Adults in Jordan: Prevalence, Trend, and Associated Factors.
4. Al-Azzawi, O. F. (2018). Metabolic syndrome; comparing the results of three definition criteria in an Iraqi sample. AL-Kindy College Medical Journal, 14(2), 7–12.
5. Al-Rubeaan, K., Bawazeer, N., Al Farsi, Y., Youssef, A. M., Al-Yahya, A. A., AlQumaidi, H., Al-Malki, B. M., Naji, K. A., Al-Shehri, K., & Al Rumaih, F. I. (2018). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia-a cross sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 18, 1–9.
6. Ali Mansour, A. (2005). METABOLIC SYNDROME AMONG ADULTS POPULATION SINGLE CENTER EXPERANCE IN BASRAH. The Medical Journal of Basrah University, 23(1), 38–41.
7. Callaghan, B. C., Xia, R., Banerjee, M., de Rekeneire, N., Harris, T. B., Newman, A. B., Satterfield, S., Schwartz, A. V, Vinik, A. I., & Feldman, E. L. (2016). Metabolic syndrome components are associated with symptomatic polyneuropathy independent of glycemic status. Diabetes Care, 39(5), 801–807.
8. Cho, D. Y., & Koo, J.-W. (2018). Differences in metabolic syndrome prevalence by employment type and sex. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1798.
9. Diaz-Martinez, X., Petermann, F., Leiva, A. M., Garrido-Mendez, A., Salas-Bravo, C., Martínez, M. A., Labraña, A. M., Duran, E., Valdivia-Moral, P., & Zagalaz, M. L. (2018). Association of physical inactivity with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the chilean population. Revista Medica de Chile, 146(5), 585–595.
10. Flemming, G. M. C., Bussler, S., Körner, A., & Kiess, W. (2020). Definition and early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 33(7), 821–833.
11. Ghorabi, S., Salari-Moghaddam, A., Daneshzad, E., Sadeghi, O., Azadbakht, L., & Djafarian, K. (2019). Association between the DASH diet and metabolic syndrome components in Iranian adults. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(3), 1699–1704.
12. Godfrey, T. M., Cordova-Marks, F. M., Jones, D., Melton, F., & Breathett, K. (2022). Metabolic syndrome among American Indian and Alaska native populations: implications for cardiovascular health. Current Hypertension Reports, 24(5), 107–114.
13. Gutch, M., Rungta, S., Kumar, S., Agarwal, A., Bhattacharya, A., & Razi, S. M. (2017). Thyroid functions and serum lipid profile in metabolic syndrome. Biomedical Journal, 40(3), 147–153.
14. Houti, L., Hamani-Medjaoui, I., Lardjam-Hetraf, S. A., Ouhaibi-Djellouli, H., Chougrani, S., Goumidi, L., & Mediene-Benchekor, S. (2016). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related risk factors in the City of Oran, Algeria: the ISOR Study. Ethnicity & Disease, 26(1), 99.
15. Ismael, S. A., Ahmed, H. F., & Hasan, M. T. (2016). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a sample of population in Erbil city, Iraq. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences (Zanco J Med Sci), 20(2), 1280–1287.
16. James, M., Varghese, T. P., Sharma, R., & Chand, S. (2020). Association between metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus according to International Diabetic Federation and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria: a Cross-sectional study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19, 437–443.
17. Jung, J. Y., Oh, C.-M., Choi, J.-M., Ryoo, J.-H., Chung, P.-W., Hong, H. P., & Park, S. K. (2019). Levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and their relation to incident metabolic syndrome. Cardiology, 143(1), 224–231.
18. Katsimardou, A., Imprialos, K., Stavropoulos, K., Sachinidis, A., Doumas, M., & Athyros, V. (2020). Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: novel insights. Current Hypertension Reviews, 16(1), 12–18.
19. Kim, S. W., Kim, H. J., Min, K., Lee, H., Lee, S.-H., Kim, S., Kim, J. S., & Oh, B. (2021). The relationship between smoking cigarettes and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study with non-single residents of Seoul under 40 years old. PLoS One, 16(8), e0256257.
20. Kolovou, G. D., Kolovou, V., & Mavrogeni, S. (2016). Cigarette smoking/cessation and metabolic syndrome. Clinical Lipidology, 11(1), 6–14.
21. Ma, E., Ohira, T., Fukasawa, M., Yasumura, S., Miyazaki, M., Suzuki, T., Furuyama, A., Kataoka, M., & Hosoya, M. (2023). Prevalence trends of metabolic syndrome in residents of postdisaster Fukushima: a longitudinal analysis of Fukushima Health Database 2012–2019. Public Health, 217, 115–124.
22. Mastroeni, S. S. de B. S., Mastroeni, M. F., Ekwaru, J. P., Setayeshgar, S., Veugelers, P. J., Gonçalves, M. de C., & Rondó, P. H. de C. (2019). Anthropometric measurements as a potential non-invasive alternative for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 63, 30–39.
23. Mazloomzadeh, S., Khazaghi, Z. R., & Mousavinasab, N. (2018). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 47(4), 473.
24. Montazerifar, F., Bolouri, A., Mozaffar, M. M., & Karajibani, M. (2016). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in coronary artery disease patients. Cardiology Research, 7(6), 202.
25. Naghipour, M., Joukar, F., Nikbakht, H.-A., Hassanipour, S., Asgharnezhad, M., Arab-Zozani, M., & Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (2021). High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its related demographic factors in North of Iran: results from the Persian Guilan cohort study. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2021.
26. Nowicki, G. J., Ślusarska, B., Naylor, K., Prystupa, A., Rudnicka-Drożak, E., Halyuk, U., & Pokotylo, P. (2021). The relationship between the metabolic syndrome and the place of residence in the local community on the example of the janów lubelski district in eastern Poland: A population-based study. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2041–2056.
27. O’Neill, S., & O’Driscoll, L. (2015). Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obesity Reviews, 16(1), 1–12.
28. Okafor, C. I. (2012). The metabolic syndrome in Africa: current trends. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(1), 56.
29. Owolabi, E. O., Ter Goon, D., Adeniyi, O. V., Adedokun, A. O., & Seekoe, E. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome among adults attending healthcare facilities in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The Open Public Health Journal, 10(1).
30. Rams, K., Philipraj, S. J., Purwar, R., & Reddy, B. (2020). Correlation of metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis: A prospective cross-sectional study. Urology Annals, 12(2), 144.
31. Reisinger, C., Nkeh-Chungag, B. N., Fredriksen, P. M., & Goswami, N. (2021). The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—A critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance. International Journal of Obesity, 45(1), 12–24.
32. Saleh, A. A., Hayawi, A. H., Al-Samarrai, A. Y., & Lafta, R. K. (2017). Metabolic syndrome among obese adults in Baghdad, Iraq. Saudi Journal of Obesity, 5(1), 8.
33. Singla, R., Ashwini, P. K., & Jayadev, B. (2019). Lichen planus and metabolic syndrome: Is there a relation? Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 10(5), 555.
34. Strauß, M., Foshag, P., Przybylek, B., Horlitz, M., Lucia, A., Sanchis-Gomar, F., & Leischik, R. (2016). Occupation and metabolic syndrome: is there correlation? A cross sectional study in different work activity occupations of German firefighters and office workers. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 8(1), 1–8.
35. Suliga, E., Ciesla, E., Głuszek-Osuch, M., Rogula, T., Głuszek, S., & Kozieł, D. (2019). The usefulness of anthropometric indices to identify the risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 11(11), 2598.
36. Unger, T., Borghi, C., Charchar, F., Khan, N. A., Poulter, N. R., Prabhakaran, D., Ramirez, A., Schlaich, M., Stergiou, G. S., & Tomaszewski, M. (2020). 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension, 75(6), 1334–1357.
37. Wang, J., Bai, Y., Zeng, Z., Wang, J., Wang, P., Zhao, Y., Xu, W., Zhu, Y., & Qi, X. (2022). Association between life-course cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: a discovery-replication strategy. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 14(1), 1–11.
38. Yi, Y., & An, J. (2020). Sex differences in risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the Korean population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9513.
Published
2023-05-21
How to Cite
Bader, K. A., Maatook, M. A., & Zaboon, I. A. (2023). Metabolic Syndrome and its Predictors Among Adults Seeking Medical Care in Al-Basra, Iraq. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(3), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v4i3.1520
Issue
Section
Articles
