Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Escherichia Coli in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections in Basrah, Iraq
Keywords:
Diabetic foot ulcers, E. coli, 16S rDNA
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most common complications for those with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. chronic infection, hypoxia, hyperglycemia. The depth of the wound, the severity of the infection, and the degree of vascular insufficiency are used to categorize DFUs. This classification system aids in the development of DFU A greater number of individuals are at risk from enterobacteriaceae since they are also challenging to treat and more common. (E. coli): cefepime, ceftazidime, or cefotaxime. To detect the phenotypic characteristics of E. coli, MacConkey with crystal violet agar and (EMB agar were used. Targeting the 16S rDNA oligonucleotide16S rDNA primers was used for the PCR analysis of isolated E. coli. E. coli accounted for about 36.84% of the total isolates, in the study E.coli is the most common species among the bacteria that's causing of DFI from enterobacteriaceae. It was strongly associated with the type of infection and wounds grade. E. coli was present in all isolates and at 100%, and that a molecular weight of 585.
References
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3. Albadri, A. T. J. (2021). Characterization and Molecular study to detect Multidrug Resistance Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Wasit Province. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12971.57121.
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5. Antony A.C., Paul M.K., Silvester R., Aneesa P.A., Suresh K., Divya P.S., Paul S., Fathima P.A., Abdulla M.H. (2016). Comparative evaluation of EMB agar and Hicrome E. coli agar for differentiation of green metallic sheen producing non-E. coli and typical E. coli colonies from food and environmental samples. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 10: 2863-2870. [DOI: 10.22207/JPAM.10.4.48] Applied and environmental microbiology, 71(2), 1084-1088.
6. Aruoah, M. K. (2021). The role of Zinc and Vitamin C in the improvement of some biochemical parameters in Diabetic foot ulcer patients. In Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Baghdad College of Science Department of Biology. A Thesis Submitted to Council of College of Science, University of Baghdad, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology / Zoology.
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8. Batt, C. A. (2019). Escherichia Coli: Escherichia coli. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology: Second Edition, 688–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00100-
9. Bonham, K. S., Wolfe, B. E., & Dutton, R. J. (2017). Extensive horizontal gene transfer in cheese-associated bacteria. ELife, 6, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22144.
10. Braz, V. S., Melchior, K., & Moreira, C. G. (2020). Escherichia coli as a Multifaceted Pathogenic and Versatile Bacterium. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10(December), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.548492 Brazil. (3), 253-257.
11. Candrian, U., B. Furrer, C. Hofelein, R. Meyer, M. Jermini, and J. Luthy. (1991). Detection of Escherichia coli and identification of enterotoxigenic strains by primer-directed enzymatic amplification of specific DNA sequences. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12:339–351.
12. Cass, J. A., Kuwada, N. J., Traxler, B., & Wiggins, P. A. (2016). Escherichia coli Chromosomal Loci Segregate from Midcell with Universal Dynamics. Biophysical Journal, 110(12), 2597–2609.
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14. CLSI, (2016). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 26th edition. CLSI document M100-S26. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
15. Cooper, R. and Lawrence, J. (1996). The isolation and identification of bacteria from wound S. J. wound care, 5 (7): 335 – 340.
16. El-baz, R., Said, H. S., Abdelmegeed, E. S., & Barwa, R. (2022). Characterization of virulence determinants and phylogenetic background of multiple and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from different clinical sources in Egypt. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 106(3), 1279–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11740-x.
17. Faisal, M. A. S. (2022). Aerobic Bacterial Frequencies Among Hemodialysis Patients in Basrah Province , Iraq Muna Abdul Sattar Faisal A Thesis Submitted to the Council of College of Science, University of Basrah in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master degree Medical Bacteriology.
18. Gamal, F. E., Gadallah, F., Zaghloul, M., Salama, E., Salama, S., & Khedr, A. (2017). Differentiation between vaccinal and field strains of E . coli using phenotype and genotype characterization. 2(3), 48–53.
19. Gharajalar, S. N., & Sofiani, V. H. (2017). Patterns of efflux pump genes among tetracycline resistance uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained from human urinary infections. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.40884.
20. Giurato, L., Meloni, M., Izzo, V., & Uccioli, L. (2017). Osteomyelitis in diabetic foot: A comprehensive overview. World Journal of Diabetes, 8(4), 135.
21. Goyal R, Jialal I. (2022) Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. [Updated (2022) Jun 19]. In: Stat Pearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
22. Gupta, V., Ye, G., Olesky, M., Lawrence, K., Murray, J., & Yu, K. (2019). Trends in resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter species in hospitalized patients in the United States: 2013-2017. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4387-3
23. Habeeb, T. A., Shaebth, L. J., & Abdula Meer, N. A. (2021). Isolation of Bacteria from Diabetic Foot Patients in Hospital of Al-Diwaniya City, Iraq. In Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology (Vol. 25, Issue 5). Technical Institute of Al-Diwaniyah, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), Iraq. [email protected].
24. Hanan A. A. (2022). Molecular Screening of Emergence Resistant Enterococci species among Patients in Al-Basrah, Iraq No Title. A Thesis submitted to The College of Science, University of Basrah in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology/ Medical Microbiology.
25. Huda Zuhair Wahid, Zainab Jaber Hadi, M. F. A. E. 3Departmentiginal. (2022). The Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns & Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Carbapenem Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolated from Diabetic Foot Infection. 1,2,3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq. Abstract, 13(SO3), 1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s03.160
26. Ibrahim, R. A. – J. (2018). Study of Some Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus species Isolated from Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections in Basrah City. Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Basrah.
27. İçer, M., & Durgun, H. M. (2017). Factors Affecting Amputations in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer Referring To the Emergency Units. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 44(1), 91–91. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.298615 in Marseille, France. Eur J Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 38: 395-407.
28. Janda, J. M., and Abbott, S. L. (2002). Bacterial identification for publication: when is enough? Journal of clinical microbiology, 40(6), 1887- 1891.
29. Katongole, P., Kisawuzi ,D. B., Bbosa, H. K., Kateete, D. P., & Najjuka, C. F. (2019). Phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates from patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. F1000Research, 8(1828), 1828
30. King, M.D.; Humphrey, B.J.; Wang, Y.F.;Kourbatova, E.V.;Ray, S.M. and Blumberg, H.M. (2006). Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone as the predominant cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Ann Intern Med ;144(5):309–317
31. Le Page, S., Dubourg, G., Baron, S. A., Rolain, J. M., & Raoult, D. (2019). No global increase in resistance to antibiotics: a snapshot of resistance from 2001 to 2016 in Marseille, France. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 38(2), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3439-8.
32. Leong, C., & Gouliouris, T. (2021). Skin and soft tissue infections. Medicine (United Kingdom), 49(11), 699–705.
33. Lienard, A., Hosny, M., Jneid, J., Schuldiner, S., Cellier, N., Sotto, A., Scola, B. La, Lavigne, J. P., & Pantel, A. (2021). Escherichia coli isolated from diabetic foot osteomyelitis: Clonal diversity, resistance profile, virulence potential, and genome adaptation. Microorganisms, 9(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020380
34. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, Harbarth S, Hindler JF, Kahlmeter G, Olsson-Liljequist B, Paterson DL, Rice LB, Stelling J, Struelens MJ, Vatopoulos A, Weber JT, Monnet DL (2012) Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(3):268–281
35. Malek R, Hannat S, Nechadi A, Mekideche FZ, Kaabeche M. Diabetes and Ramadan( 2019) A multicenter study in Algerian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Apr; 150:322-330.
36. Maleki, D.; Jahromy, S. H.; Karizi, S. Z. and Eslami, P. (2017). The Prevalence of acrA and acrB Genes Among Multiple-Drug Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients with UTI in Milad Hospital, Tehran. Avicenna J Clin Microb Infec. 4(1): 1-7.
37. Mavrogenis, A. F., Antoniadou, T., Dimopoulos, L., Sfyroeras, G. S., & Lazaris, A. (2018). Foot & Ankle Current concepts for the evaluation and management of diabetic foot ulcers. 3(September). https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.3.180010
38. Misbah , M. and Iqra, S. (2018). A review of Wagner classification and current concepts in management of diabetic foot. 4(1) : 933 – 935.
39. Naser, L. A., Mahdi, K. H., & Almazini, M. A. (2015). Determination the Effect of ST Enterotoxin Isolated from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Strains on Colon Cancer from Diarrhea Patients in Basrah Hospitals. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5, 2742–2756.
40. Neema .A. A. (2022). Molecular Investigation of Escherichia coli From Cancer Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Basrah A Thesis Submitted to the Council of the College of Science, University of Basrah in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Biology Medical Bacteriology .
41. Oh1, K.-H., & , Soo-Bok Kim2, Mi-Sun Park2, and S.-H. C. (2014). Development of a one-step PCR assay with nine primer pairs for the detection of five diarrheagenic escherichia coli types. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 24(6), 862–868. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1312.12031
42. Patel. (2019). Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology.
43. Pitocco, D., Spanu, T., Di Leo, M., Vitiello, R., Rizzi, A., Tartaglione, L., Fiori, B., Caputo, S., Tinelli, G., Zaccardi, F., Flex, A., Galli, M., Pontecorvi, A., & Sanguinetti, M. (2019). Diabetic foot infections: A comprehensive overview. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 23(2), 26–37.
44. Qadir, A. N., Mohamed Mahmoud, B., Othman Mahwi, T., Arif Al-Attar, D. M. R., & Mahmood, S. O. (2020). Prevalence of Microorganisms and Antibiotic Sensitivity Among Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Hospital Practices and Research, 5(2), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpr.2020.11
45. Riedel, S., Morse, S.A., Mietzner, T., Miller, S. (2019). Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology (28th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
46. Roberts, D. and Greenwood, M. (2008). Practical food microbiology, John Wiley and Sons.
47. Sabir, S., Anjum, A. A., Ijaz, T., & Ali, M. A. (2014). Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli from urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(2), 389-392.
48. Salih, H. A., & Abbas, A. T. (2022). Microorganism Prevalence and Antibiotic Sensitivity for Imipenem and Meropenem in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Thi Qar, Iraq. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 13(S01), 1047–1051. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s01.125.
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Published
2023-05-22
How to Cite
Hussein , Z. M., & Naser, D. L. A. (2023). Phenotypic and Molecular Detection of Escherichia Coli in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections in Basrah, Iraq. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 4(3), 216-228. https://doi.org/10.17605/cajmns.v4i3.1515
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